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This study finds that native tree extinctions and alien naturalizations are pushing forests towards fast-growing, resource-demanding species. This global shift could affect carbon storage and ecosystem stability, highlighting the need to protect slow-growing trees.

In this phase 3 trial, human immunodeficiency virus-negative Vietnamese adults with tuberculous meningitis were stratified by LTA4H genotype to assess whether this influences corticosteroid response. However, outcomes were not significantly better according to genotype.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Mesinovic et al. use AI foundation models to implement heart disease screening in people living with HIV in Vietnam, relying on low-cost wearable sensors. This approach achieves promising discriminative ability and requires only lightweight local training, potentially enabling affordable screening in resource-limited clinics.

In this study, the authors generated iPSC lines from more than 100 sporadic ALS cases, which recapitulated key disease phenotypes and enabled large-scale drug screening, identifying a promising combination therapy of baricitinib, memantine and riluzole.

In this randomized, controlled integrated phase 1/2/3a/3b clinical trial, the authors show that the self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine ARCT-154 shows good immunogenicity and is safe and efficient against COVID-19 (57% against any COVID-19, and 95% against severe COVID-19).

Plasma cells (PC) contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by secreting autoantibodies. Strategies to target pathogenic PCs are thus required. Here, the authors profile different PC subsets in naïve and lupus-prone mice and report the emergence and expansion of a CD19^– PC subset in diseased mice that could compromise the effectiveness of CD19-targeting therapies.

Bennu samples have abundant supernova stardust and clasts that are richer in presolar silicates and organics than other chondritic samples, suggesting that the protolith sampled material with a unique mixture of primordial components before undergoing heterogeneous aqueous alteration.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Laser-induced electron diffraction can provide structural information on gas-phase molecules with high spatial and temporal resolution. Going beyond previous diatomic cases, Pullen et al.apply this approach to acetylene and show that it can be used to measure bond lengths for polyatomic molecules.

The preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with H5N1 antigen using the spray-drying technique is conducted. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM, and zeta potential analysis to evaluate morphology, size, and surface charge. The antigen-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were subsequently assessed for safety and immunological effects in a mouse model, demonstrating their potential as a vaccine delivery system.

The promise of X-ray tabletop broadband light sources by high-order harmonics generated in a gas medium has been limited by low conversion efficiencies. Here, Jin et al.show a method to enhance the high harmonic generation by optimizing the waveform of synthesized two and three colour laser fields.

A large spin-splitting is essential for spintronic devices. Here, the authors observe a spontaneous spin-splitting energy of between 31.7 and 50 millielectronvolts in n-type indium iron arsenide at temperatures up to several tens of Kelvin, challenging the conventional theory of ferromagnetic semiconductors.

This study applied a high-throughput sequencing approach to analyse Arabidopsis DCL1 cleavage. DCL1 cleavage preferences are governed by the GHR motif, which is conserved across plant species and has a role in the biogenesis of non-canonical 22-nucleotide microRNAs.

How synovial fibroblasts activate cartilage degradation in arthritis is not well understood. Here, the authors identify an O-glycosylation program and glycosylated Calnexin in synovium’s edge fibroblasts as drivers of extracellular matrix degradation, highlighting potential therapeutic targets.

A comprehensive multi-omics reference atlas of prenatal human skin shows that innate immune cells crosstalk with non-immune cells to perform pivotal roles in skin morphogenesis, including the formation of hair follicles.

Topological superconductivity may have important implications for fault-tolerant quantum computing, but its practical implementation remains challenging. Here, the authors report the fabrication of nanoscale heterojunctions based on superconducting β-Sn and topological Dirac semimetal α-Sn, showing superconducting diode rectification ratios up to 35%.

Immune cells are believed not to generate large traction forces during migration. Now, measurements of natural killer cells in dense tissue reveal bursts of large traction forces as they move through narrow pores.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) onsets in COVID-19 patients with manifestations similar to Kawasaki disease (KD). Here the author probe the peripheral blood transcriptome of MIS-C patients to find signatures related to natural killer (NK) cell activation and CD8+ T cell exhaustion that are shared with KD patients.

Bennu comprises components of intra- and extra-Solar System origins. The parent bodies of Bennu, Ryugu and CI chondrites likely formed from a shared but heterogeneous reservoir in the outer parts of the solar protoplanetary disk.

Whole-genome sequencing of 962 clear cell renal cell carcinomas from 11 countries shows geographic variations in somatic mutation profiles, including a mutational signature of unknown cause in 70% of cases from Japan.

MIPS521, a positive allosteric modulator of the adenosine A₁ receptor, has analgesic properties in a rat model of neuropathic pain through a mechanism by which MIPS521 stabilizes the complex between adenosine, receptor and G protein.

Malignant cells with mesenchymal features display increased chromatin accessibility, particularly in the pericentromeric and centromeric regions, in turn resulting in delayed mitosis and catastrophic cell division.

The combination of high energy density and sustainability makes the lithium–sulfur battery a technology of growing importance. Here the authors show a polymeric cathode design that enables impressive performance in practical pouch cells.

DICER is a vital enzyme in small RNA production. Here the authors show how bipartite pairing rules and dual YCR motifs guide DICER's activity on precursor microRNAs.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Recent prior influenza A infection is associated with elevated hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody responses and greater breadth of reactivity to influenza strains following vaccination, suggesting that infection history boosts vaccine responses.

Le, Phung, Bui et al. investigate nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics (LiveSpo Navax) as a supportive treatment for Respiratory Syncytial Virus pneumonia with bacterial co-infections in young children. Use of the probiotic reduces symptoms, antibiotic use, viral and bacterial loads, and improves immune and nasal microbiota.

FAM111A is a serine protease important for DNA replication and antiviral defense. Here, the authors report that the FAM111A dimerization is crucial for its proteolytic activity and for promoting DNA replication at trapped topoisomerase I.

Cell extrusion regulates monolayer cell density and is critical in maintaining epithelia integrity, which has implications in homeostasis, development, and cancer progression. Here the authors describe how monolayer integrate mechanical signals from tissue mechanics, cell-cell adhesion, cell-substrate adhesion and cytoskeleton coordinate cell extrusion.

The EML4-ALK oncogene forms  cytoplasmic protein condensates that are associated with its oncogenic signaling. Here, the authors demonstrate that these EML4-ALK assemblies also sequester receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) adapter proteins suppressing signaling which was reversed upon ALK inhibition, resulting in rapid resensitisation to growth factors and tumor cell survival.

Magnetoresistance, where the electric resistance of a material changes under an applied magnetic field, is typically an even function of the applied magnetic field, due to the combination of time reversal and spatial inversion symmetries. Here, Takiguchi et al show an odd-parity magnetoresistance of remarkable size in edge channels of a semiconductor quantum well.

The roles of extracellular RNAs present in bacterial biofilms are poorly understood. Here, Mugunthan et al. show that specific mRNAs associate with extracellular DNA in the matrix of bacterial biofilms, facilitating the formation of viscoelastic networks.

Ros et al. show that the ER-resident chaperone calnexin (Cnx) and its partner ERp57 are trafficked to cell surface invadosomes and induce ECM degradation, promoting tumour invasiveness.