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IL-17RA signaling on Paneth progenitors, via ADAM17, modulates Paneth cell dedifferentiation and their ability to replenish the intestinal crypt post-irradiation injury.

The rate of axon ensheathment varies within individual myelinating processes, resulting in chains of myelin sheaths connected by bridges consisting of thin cytoplasmic processes that provide flexibility for myelination of highly branched axons.

Current HIV animal models, which use macaques or mice, have known limitations. Here, the authors develop a model of HIV-1 infection in owl monkeys, small neotropical primates, expanding experimental opportunities for advancing HIV-1 research.

Here, Deol et al. use genetic screens in gene-edited reporter cell lines to identify regulators of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) expression and stability. They show that vitamin B2 metabolism stabilizes FSP1 through flavin adenine dinucleotide binding, preventing its degradation and ferroptosis sensitization.

Proteins are promising ligands for selective metal capture, but low-throughput assays limit their discovery and design. Now, a high-throughput platform for quantifying the rare earth selectivity of lanmodulin (LanM) proteins has been developed. The SpyCI-LAMBS platform enabled the identification of a set of LanMs capable of separating light rare-earth elements in a single step.

In this study, long-read RNA sequencing achieves accurate single-nucleotide polymorphism calling, haplotype phasing and allele-specific expression analysis.

CRISPR–Cas9 screening identifies CLCC1 as a factor that increases neutral lipid flux to prevent hepatic steatosis and promotes nuclear pore complex assembly by promoting membrane bending and fusion.

Viruses are pivotal players in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, shaping microbiomes by preying on key hosts. Through a global-scale analysis of vent viruses and their interactions, this study reveals that endemism is a key driver of viral ecology and evolution in these extreme ecosystems.

Here the authors perform longitudinal sampling of lymphoid organs along with fate mapping and matched single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR sequencing to define the developmental dynamics of follicular regulatory T (T_FR) cells. They find that T_FR cells undergo clonal expansion and progressive differentiation in a process that requires follicular helper T cells.

Two-dimensional polyaramid polymers are synthesized to form nanofilms that exhibit the lowest gas permeability of any polymer by orders of magnitude, despite lacking crystallinity, enabling molecular-scale nanomechanical resonators and barrier materials.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are required to establish thymic central tolerance. Here Srinivasan et al. use single-cell transcriptomics to define thymic conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets and find that CD8⁺ single-positive thymocytes modulate the thymus environment to regulate plasmacytoid DC and cDC2 homeostasis and interferon signatures in DCs, while CD4⁺ single-positive thymocytes regulate cDC1 activation via cognate and CD40L–CD40 interactions.

Animal models of drug use require specialized technical expertise and often differ from how humans consume drugs. Here, the authors establish a robust method which allows mice to self-administer intranasal cocaine, greatly improving face validity and ease of use.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of deep learning-derived measurements of aortic valve function, along with multitrait analyses incorporating disease-based GWAS, identify 166 genetic loci associated with aortic valve function or aortic stenosis.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

For architectures with local connectivity, the surface code has been the leading approach to constructing fault-tolerant logical qubits, but typically requires over 1000 physical qubits per logical qubit. Here, the authors introduce a hierarchical code that maintains the same connectivity requirements as the surface code while reducing the physical qubit overhead by up to a factor of three.

A genome language model, Protein Set Transformer, trained on viral datasets, uncovers evolutionary rules of protein content and organization driving precise virus identification, host prediction, and protein annotation for viral genomics and ecology.

This work introduces a pedigree-derived benchmark for single-nucleotide variants, indels, structural variants and tandem repeats, offering a variant map to validate sequencing workflows or to support the development and evaluation of new variant callers.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

Lange et al. identify a lipid droplet quality control pathway in which FSP1 safeguards stored neutral lipids from lipid peroxidation, thereby preventing the induction of ferroptosis.

During SARS-CoV-2 infection caspase-8 fuels harmful inflammation independent of apoptosis. Genetic loss of caspase-8 reduces cytokine levels, lowers viral load and mitigates disease severity, revealing non-apoptotic caspase-8 as a key driver of severe COVID-19.

Analyses of newly discovered hand and foot bones of a Paranthropus boisei specimen provide insight into possible tool use and other palaeobiology characteristics among Plio-Pleistocene hominin species.

Experimental measurements of high-order out-of-time-order correlators on a superconducting quantum processor show that these correlators remain highly sensitive to the quantum many-body dynamics in quantum computers at long timescales.

The genomic features of precursor conditions of multiple myeloma provide multiple biological insights into disease origins and evolution, together with opportunities to identify those at highest risk of progression.

A 50 microRNA-based dynamic risk score for stratifying individuals with and without type 1 diabetes was developed using samples obtained from multicenter and multiethnic cohorts.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

Podosomes are actin structures important in multiple cell functions. Here, the authors use iPALM microscopy to reveal an “hourglass” shape of the podosome actin core, a protruding “knob” at the bottom of the core, and two actin networks extending from it.

Nuclear morphology plays a critical role in regulating gene expression and cell function. Here, Wang et al. report that topography-induced nuclear deformation enhances the secretome of hMSCs, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and facilitating bone regeneration through matricrine effects.

The fundamental mechanism of how sensory axons traverse a spinal cord glia limitans remains debatable, with some suggesting a role for boundary cap cells at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ). Here, authors use time-lapse imaging of DRG axons at the DREZ to show that pioneer axons enter the DREZ before the presence of boundary cap cells, and that this entry is critically dependent on the development of actin-rich invasion structures reminiscent of invadopodia.

Which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches results in high-quality, complete diploid genome assemblies is determined.

Positive and negative reciprocity, and costly punishment play, a role in cooperation networks. Members of rural Colombian communities show a strong tendency to punish others perceived as selfish and allocate resources to those perceived as generous.

Analysis of more than 95% of each diploid human genome of a four-generation, twenty-eight-member family using five complementary short-read and long-read sequencing technologies provides a truth set to understand the most fundamental processes underlying human genetic variation.

How alcohol-induced plasticity evolves over protracted abstinence is not well understood. Here, authors show the long-lasting impact of drinking on dopamine transmission and that altered function is not explained by upstream gene transcription.

Bosonic qubits can be engineered to feature intrinsic protection against certain kinds of errors, which makes quantum error correction across many bosonic qubits possible with less overhead.

T_FH cells that express IL-13 are associated with high-affinity IgE responses, but factors controlling their development, transcriptional programming and exact function have remained unclear. Here, Chandrakar et al. find that the transcription factor JunB is required for T_FH13 cell maintenance and that T_FH13 cells producing IL-21 drive broad germinal center responses to allergen-specific IgG and IgE.

Unlike other halogen atoms, the ability for fluorine to exist in a [C–X–C]⁺ connectivity pattern has only been shown in spectroscopic studies. Here the authors present a single crystal structure of a fluoronium cation, characterized by X-ray diffraction.

What drives the development of lateralized sound processing in the brain remains unclear. Here, the authors find that sex and hemispheric identity underlie asynchronous development between the auditory cortices, leading to distinct functional representations in adulthood.

Nanotubes exhibit high vibrational coupling to the environment but lack a theoretical description. Vacuum-isolated, suspended double walled nanotubes provide a damping model for mass coupling, offering new nanomechanics and nanofluidics insights.

A novel antiviral targeting the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protease shows strong efficacy in a mouse model, preventing lung pathology and reducing brain dysfunction. The study provides proof-of-principle that PLpro inhibition may be a viable strategy for preventing and treating long COVID.

Three-terminal memtransistors can improve the neuromorphic performance of conventional two-terminal memristors. Here, the authors report the fabrication of high-yield large-scale crossbar array architectures incorporating up to 2,048 2D MoS₂ memtransistors per array, showing low-power memory and image recognition applications.

Shaw et al identify the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) as a host factor required for infection of cells by several divergent arteriviruses, and demonstrate that anti-FcRn antibodies can be used to block arterivirus infection.

Here, Nelson et al. use amplicon next-generation sequencing of two P. falciparum polymorphic gene regions to investigate the genetic similarity of parasite populations across time and space in a pediatric cohort in Kenya. They identify both micro- and macro-scale structuring of malaria parasites in this high-transmission setting, which could inform future intervention strategies.

Using forward genetics, the authors identified the cholesterol regulator Ptchd1, which controls opioid tolerance by affecting desensitization and trafficking of opioid receptors.

A recurrent, transformer-based neural network, called AlphaQubit, learns high-accuracy error decoding to suppress the errors that occur in quantum systems, opening the prospect of using neural-network decoders for real quantum hardware.

Organic sulfur compounds are vital to life but often overlooked in the sulfur cycle, especially in the subsurface. Subsurface microbes can metabolize diverse organosulfur compounds, hinting at a more complex sulfur cycle than previously thought.

Here the authors show that ventrally derived oligodendrocytes (OLs) can myelinate areas usually populated by dorsally derived OLs but cannot functionally compensate, as animals populated only by ventrally derived OLs show locomotor and cognitive deficits.

Su et al. report that while METTL16 acts as an m⁶A writer in the nucleus, it exerts an m⁶A-independent function in the cytosol, where it facilitates translation through direct interactions with ribosomal RNAs and eukaryotic initiation factors 3a and -b.

Obesity changes the characteristics of the immune response induced in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis, suggesting therapies that could be used against immune dysregulation in obesity.

In Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, a radical S-adenosylmethionine enzyme catalyses the formation of the biphytanyl chain.

Microglia can clear amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors show that specific isoforms of the phospholipid forming APOE lipoproteins activate microglia in pre-clinical mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.

Transcription termination or pausing during DNA replication in bacteria and humans results in DNA damage with exposed 3′ single-stranded DNA ends and mutations.