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The growing market demand for peptides is drawing more attention to their industrial synthetic procedures, which rely on large amounts of toxic solvents. Here the authors suggest practical steps that bring fully water-based peptide synthesis closer to reality.

An anti-HIV-1 antibody that targets an N332_gp120 glycan-independent V3 epitope, a site of Env vulnerability, can decline viremia in HIV-1-infected humanized mice while overcoming classical V3 escape mutations.

Respiratory virus genomic surveillance output is unevenly distributed globally. Here, the authors show that addressing this imbalance could substantially reduce the time to first detection of novel (variant) viruses, enhancing surveillance effectiveness and efficiency.

Pangenomic and epidemiological analyses reveal a genetic shift in U.S. Salmonella Hadar populations during 2019–20, driven by expansion of a lineage carrying a prophage-like element that likely arose in commercial poultry and spread to backyard flocks.

Antigen presentation in skull bone marrow by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells induces myelopoiesis and generates CD4⁺ regulatory T cells in a mouse model of ependymoma, promoting immune tolerance. Treatment with anti-GM-CSF antibody has antitumor effects that are augmented by immunotherapy.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are required to establish thymic central tolerance. Here Srinivasan et al. use single-cell transcriptomics to define thymic conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets and find that CD8⁺ single-positive thymocytes modulate the thymus environment to regulate plasmacytoid DC and cDC2 homeostasis and interferon signatures in DCs, while CD4⁺ single-positive thymocytes regulate cDC1 activation via cognate and CD40L–CD40 interactions.

LEVA is a label-free immobilization method for studying surface-bound extracellular vesicles.

In colorectal cancer, therapeutic resistance is driven by MAPK-dependent epithelial cell plasticity.

Global shark and ray populations have declined sharply, driven by expanding fisheries and inequitable gaps in catch, trade and distribution data. This Review assesses global status, highlights drivers of decline, and outlines the regulatory, market-based and conservation actions needed to reduce mortality and reverse shark and ray biodiversity loss.

Npm1 promotes tumor formation via attenuating the integrated stress response and p53 activation in mouse WNT-driven intestinal and liver tumorigenesis.

Satellite altimetry reveals intensifying global river water level variability (2016–2024) through increased seasonality, reduced seasonal fluctuations, and escalating hydrological extremes, signaling dual stress from concurrent droughts and floods.

Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are important building blocks that underpin emerging enzymatic approaches to RNA therapeutics manufacturing. Here, authors develop a biocatalytic strategy to convert nucleosides into NTPs containing clinically relevant modifications, using simple phosphate donors.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

Recognition of tumour antigen induces dendritic cell activation and migration to the lymph node. Here, the authors use photoconvertible mice to demonstrate that some activated dendritic cells are retained in tumours and gradually lose function, but their ability to support local anti-tumour responses can be augmented by anti-PD-L1 blockade.

Borgs are large extrachromosomal elements of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea. Here, via in silico protein structure prediction of ~10,000 Borg proteins, the authors reveal that Borgs share numerous features with giant eukaryotic viruses, suggesting that Borgs have a viral-like lifestyle and evolutionary convergence of large extrachromosomal elements across the Domains of Life.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) variability and its phenotypic consequences aren’t well studied in relation to viral replication fitness and disease severity. Here, the authors identify a replication-enhancing domain in non-structural protein 5A, linking high replication fitness to severe disease outcomes, with implications for understanding HCV pathogenesis in immunocompromised patients.

High-resolution imaging and biochemical approaches provide insights into the structural and functional changes in the host cell nucleolus upon canine parvovirus infection.

The rapid expansion of agricultural irrigation raises concerns about exacerbating water scarcity, but land–atmosphere interactions are often overlooked. This study isolates irrigation impacts from other drivers using a multi-model framework to reveal that historical irrigation expansion substantially reduces net atmospheric water influx, intensifying drying trends and accelerating terrestrial water storage depletion, urging immediate mitigation strategies.

Washington

Physicists have criticised plans by the US government plans to privatize the nation's helium reserve, but the National Research Council says the move should not do any substantial harm.

The authors find that TDP-43 loss of function—the pathology defining the neurodegenerative conditions ALS and FTD—induces novel mRNA polyadenylation events, which have different effects, including an increase in RNA stability, leading to higher protein levels.

Here the authors identify adenophages, a previously unknown macrophage population present in exocrine glands in mice and humans. These cells are dependent on ILC2-derived GM-CSF and support glandular homeostasis.

Catalytic solvent regeneration is of interest to reduce energy consumption in CO2 separation, however, the development of engineered nanocatalysts remains a challenge. Here, a new avenue is presented for the next generation of advanced metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in energy-efficient CO2 capture.

Microbial strategies for allocating limited resources to different cellular functions remain to be fully understood. Lisevich et al. show how the interplay between general physical and context-dependent physiological limitations determines resource allocation into a major bacterial cellular function, motility.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Many cancers metastasize to the lungs, yet immune cells rarely succeed in eliminating them. Here we show that although NK cells that patrol the lung vasculature are highly differentiated and cytotoxic to circulating tumor cells, these fail to access extravasated lesions, while NK cells that infiltrate the tumor parenchyma are less differentiated, exhibit poor cytotoxicity functionally restrained by TGF-β, allowing metastatic tumors to persist.

Santos et al found that the ubiquitin ligase adaptor Fbxo42 is a critical regulator of terminal Unfolded Protein Response signaling through its control of Ataxin-2 granules containing Xbp1 mRNA.

Klein and colleagues characterize 04_A06, a new V_H1-2-encoded broadly neutralizing antibody that has marked breadth and potency against extended multiclade HIV-1 pseudovirus panels and can maintain full viral suppression in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.

Myocardial infarction disrupts cardiac repair mechanisms, limiting regeneration. Here, the authors show that extracellular matrix therapies activate spatial and cell-specific pro reparative programs, revealed through spatial transcriptomics and snRNA-seq.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Combining high-resolution mapping of foliar and herbivore faecal sodium concentrations across Africa, the authors show that plant-derived sodium availability constrains megaherbivore densities at a continental scale.

Though understood to exist in large numbers, intermediate-mass black holes are difficult to identify. This Perspective makes a case for the use of time-domain variability studies to increase the known intermediate-mass black hole population.

Zonal positioning in the liver determines whether the CTNNB1 oncogene can induce liver cancer.

Investigation of the reaction process at the single-bond interface is key to understanding the catalytic reaction mechanism. Here, the authors develop a STM-BJ method to monitor the catalytic process from the perspective of single-bond energy.

Living plant collections hold an immense wealth of plant diversity and have critical educational, scientific and conservation roles. This Perspective examines current data management practices of living collections and advocates for higher data standards and a robust and inclusive global data ecosystem.

As presented at the American Heart Association Conference 2025, patients with chest pain and without obstructive coronary artery disease benefit from treatment informed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Crystal structures of cyanobacterial protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases reveal the basis of the photocatalytic activities of this enzyme, through the role of its active site in enabling the light-driven reduction of protochlorophyllide.

Here the authors provide an explanation for 95% of examined predicted loss of function variants found in disease-associated haploinsufficient genes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), underscoring the power of the presented analysis to minimize false assignments of disease risk.

How Meckel-Gruber syndrome protein TMEM67 functions in ciliogenesis and Wnt signaling simultaneously is unknown. Here the authors show that TMEM67 is proteolytically cleaved by the matrix metalloproteinase ADAMTS9 generating two functional isoforms.

Terrestrially derived dissolved organic carbon is pervasive in the Arctic Ocean, especially within the Transpolar Drift current, and changing inputs could impact future marine carbon cycling, according to a dissolved organic carbon inventory.

Mechanically flexible single crystals are promising materials for advanced technological applications. Here, the authors study the high pressure response of a plastically flexible coordination polymer and provide indication of an overall disparate mechanical response of bulk flexibility and quasi-hydrostatic compression within the same crystal lattice.