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Here the authors show that gut metagenomes of Indigenous Australian infants living remotely, display greater diversity and abundance of bacteria, viruses and fungi, compared to non-Indigenous infants living in urban Australia, suggesting that while having access to Western foods, the infants start life with a gut microbiome that retains key features of pre-industrialized societies.

The mechanical testing of thin films is non-trivial, due to their very fine dimensions. Kim et al. use the inherent surface tension of water as a platform for the frictionless tensile testing of gold films, with a thickness as fine as 55 nm.

In a prospective study involving 579,583 women in multiple sites across the USA, a multistage AI-driven workflow for digital breast tomosynthesis mammograms assisted radiologists in identifying 21.6% more cancers with respect to historical data, showing no significant variation across socio-demographic and breast density subgroups.

A large-scale livestock prevalence study in Cameroon identified Brucella abortus as the sole endemic species, primarily affecting cattle, and revealed its genetic link to African strains, underscoring the need for regional surveillance and control.

The role of coagulation factor FXII in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains unknown. Here, the authors show that zymogen FXII induces kidney injury via receptor (uPAR)-mediated signaling by inducing oxidative DNA damage and senescence, identifying new potential therapeutic targets for DKD.

Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy associates with context-specific nuclear CpG methylation, supported by a cell model. Heteroplasmy–CpG scores relate to mortality and cardiovascular risk, though direction and mechanisms remain unclear.

Here authors report dopamine D2 receptor-driven mediation of striatal acetylcholine signaling regulates cocaine consumption by activating muscarinic M4 receptors in medium spiny neurons and controlling KAT5 expression and histone H4K8 acetylation.

LEVA is a label-free immobilization method for studying surface-bound extracellular vesicles.

Fiber-optic cables can be employed as seismic sensors to understand wind-wave activities in large water bodies, according to distributed acoustic sensing data from Lake Ontario

This study estimates global suicide mortality trends from 1990 to 2021 and projects future rates until 2050 using a locally weighted scatter-plot smoother and Bayesian age–period–cohort models, revealing substantial declines and highlighting socioeconomic factors influencing variations across high- and low-income countries.

In this study, the authors systematically tested how seemingly small changes in a computational analysis can lead to significant variations in results, and show that regardless of all such choices, the microbiome poorly predicts Type 1 Diabetes risk.

Together with a companion paper, molecular details of immune responses in a pig-to-human xenotransplantation are identified through dense longitudinal multi-omics profiling of the xenograft and the host recipient, across the 61-day procedure.

Cavity phonon-polaritons are a potential platform for controlling phonons. Here, the authors demonstrate multimode ultrastrong coupling between two optical phonon modes embedded in terahertz nanoslot cavities.

Thin FeSe film on SrTiO₃ substrate becomes a superconductor with a transition temperature over 100 K, yet the origin remains controversial. Here, Seo et al. show superconductivity below 20 K on the electron-doped surface of an FeSe crystal, suggesting a decisive role of interfacial effects in the enhancement of superconductivity.

Quantifying the degree of correlation required to drive a Mott insulator transition is a crucial aspect in understanding and manipulating correlated electrons. Here, the authors introduce a thallium-based cuprate system and use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, combined with Hubbard-Heisenberg modeling, to establish a universal relation between electron interactions and magnon dispersion, suggesting optimal superconductivity at intermediate correlation strength.

Pathogenic variants in UNC13A underlie a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome, with three subtypes defined by distinct genotypes with varying clinical and functional impacts characterized in cellular and animal models.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Five-year follow-up and prespecified exploratory biomarker analysis from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 trial show that pembrolizumab plus axitinib compared to sunitinib as first-line therapy continues to show overall and progression-free survival benefits in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma and indicate that a T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile is predictive of response.

We collect fluorescence photons from a trapped ion into a chip-integrated single waveguide. We introduce a new grating design technique to extend the effective aperture of a large grating.

In vivo experiments and clinical cohort analyses show that hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF2)-induced parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression contributes to cachexia in the context of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The pathway can be targeted by HIF2 inhibitors, including belzutifan, which may reduce cachexia in patients with RCC.

Magnesium is an ideal rechargeable battery anode material, but coupling it with a low-cost sulphur cathode, requires a non-nucleophilic electrolyte. Kimet al. prepare a non-nucleophilic electrolyte from hexamethyldisilazide magnesium chloride and aluminium trichloride, and show its compatibility with a sulphur cathode.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

In this study, the authors uncover how diverse inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala flexibly contribute to fear and safety learning, revealing a key role for inhibition in emotional memory and adaptive circuit plasticity.

The cytochrome bc₁ oxidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potential target in the fight against tuberculosis. Here, the authors evaluate the potential of cytochrome bc₁ inhibitors as partner drugs in tuberculosis treatment regimens.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

Here the authors explore dynamic connectivity associated with rumination in a large adolescent cohort, revealing that adult models do not generalize, while exploratory analyses suggest that variability in default-mode network connections may predict rumination, highlighting challenges in understanding depression risk factors.

Water has remarkable dynamic properties; a transition from a fragile to a strong liquid has been proposed to explain how they change on cooling. Experiments now show evidence for such a transition in bulk supercooled water at around 233 K.

A complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) imager that has a 512-pixel silicon image sensor post-processed into a 4.1-mm-long, 120-μm-wide shank with a collinear fibre for illumination can be used to record transient fluorescent signals in deep brain regions at 400 frames per second.

The link between gRNA sequence and Cas9 activity is well established but the mechanism underlying this relationship is not well understood. Here the authors show that gRNA sequence primarily influences activity by dictating the time it takes for Cas9 to find the target site in a species-specific manner.

Weak antilocalization is a signifier of electrical transport via topologically non-trivial surface states of a topological insulator, but it is often masked by dopant-induced scattering. Kim et al.overcome such difficulties to identify coherent transport via the topological surface states of bismuth selenide.

One central goal of small object manipulation is the contact-free trapping of single biomolecules or nanoparticles longer than seconds. Kim et al.develop a geometry-induced electrostatic trap using scannable nanopipettes, which is capable of manipulating nanoparticles and lipid vesicles in solutions.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Quantum simulations of the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics faces hard challenges, such as having to prepare mixed states and enforcing the non-Abelian gauge symmetry constraints. Here, the authors show how to solve the two above problems in a trapped-ion device using motional ancillae and charge-singlet measurements.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Here they perform a systematic dissection of OCT4 and reveal how intrinsically disordered regions can be used to serve specific functions during reprogramming and embryonic development. This can be exploited to engineer more efficient and specific reprogramming factors.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.