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This study examines long-term changes in species richness across tropical forests in the Andes and Amazon. Hotter, drier and more seasonal forests in the eastern and southern Amazon are losing species, while Northern Andean forests are accumulating species, acting as a refuge for climate-displaced species.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

DNA thermodynamics underlies many biological and biotechnological applications but is challenging to accurately predict. Here, the authors develop a high-throughput DNA melting method and improve computational models for predicting DNA folding energies from sequence data.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Crystal structures of HIV Env trimer with native glycosylation in complex with neutralizing antibodies reveal a glycan shield of high-mannose and complex-type N-glycan and indicate a path for germline-targeting vaccine design.

Single-molecule chromatin fiber sequencing exposes single-cell-level heterogeneity in the chromatin architecture of individual regulatory elements.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

The authors show that regenerating liver requires de novo pyrimidine synthesis and it uses ammonia as precursors differentially as it traverses the liver zones. Tracing studies and spatial metabolomics reveal that assimilation periportally is via the urea cycle, and pericentrally through conversion into glutamine.

Data provided by Amazonian peoples are used to estimate the value of wild animals as a source of food, including its spatial distribution and nutritional value, providing information that will be key for improved management of forest ecosystems in the region.

Therapeutic gene editing in vivo is an ongoing challenge. Here, authors demonstrate Cas9 nickase guided DNA ligation as a nonviral method for installing permanent genomic corrections with favorable on target edit profiles in model animal cell types and adult mice.

Pathogenic variants in UNC13A underlie a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome, with three subtypes defined by distinct genotypes with varying clinical and functional impacts characterized in cellular and animal models.

Wastewater-based surveillance tends to focus on specific pathogens. Here, the authors mapped the wastewater virome from 62 cities worldwide to identify over 2,500 viruses, revealing city-specific virome fingerprints and showing that wastewater metagenomics enables early detection of emerging viruses.

The gut microbiota-derived metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) is found to enhance mitochondrial fatty acid and amino acid oxidation in CD4⁺ T cells. In mice, IPA-mediated metabolic reprogramming of CD4⁺ T cells exerts anti-inflammatory effects and protects against colitis.

Antimatter remains an enigma – its absence in the universe is hitherto unexplained. Here, the authors report a breakthrough in the ability to study antihydrogen atoms to test fundamental symmetries. Antihydrogen atoms can now be accumulated at CERN at the previously unattainable rate of 2000 per hour.

Three BRAF inhibitors are used to treat melanoma and colorectal cancer. Here, the authors demonstrate that these drugs bind and activate the protein kinase GCN2, a previously unappreciated off-target effect that may modulate tumour cell responses.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Single-cell transcriptomics excel in cell subset classification and can be augmented by suitable genotype information. Here the authors devise a long-read sequencing workflow, termed nanoranger, for detection of molecular barcodes from single-cell cDNA and apply this to clonal tracking of acute myeloid leukemia and identification of complex immune phenotypes.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

Analysing >1,700 inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network, the authors show that the majority of Amazon tree species can occupy floodplains and that patterns of species turnover are closely linked to regional flood patterns.

Bilayer graphene nanoribbons are very promising for future nanoelectronics. Here Lopes et al.show a novel approach for the fabrication of quasi-free-standing bilayer graphene nanoribbons on SiC, based on the precise control of the layer-by-layer growth of graphene and a simple annealing step in air.

Data from a variety of sources—including satellite, climate and soil data, as well as field-collected information on plant traits—are pooled and analysed to map the functional diversity of tropical forest canopies globally.

The authors analyse tree responses to an extreme heat and drought event across South America to understand long-term climate resistance. While no more sensitive to this than previous lesser events, forests in drier climates showed the greatest impacts and thus vulnerability to climate extremes.

Previous models explain solid-solution strengthening by differences in atomic volume and electronegativity of the constituent atoms. Here, the authors consider both factors simultaneously and identify atomic volume as the dominant factor for FCC alloys.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) frequency and risk factors vary considerably across regions and ancestries. Here, the authors conduct a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study and fine mapping study of HNSCC subsites in cohorts from multiple continents, finding susceptibility and protective loci, gene-environment interactions, and gene variants related to immune response.

The receptor-like kinase NIK1 is phosphorylated in response to multiple biotic and abiotic signals, activating the NIK1/RPL10/LIMYB signaling circuit, which coordinately regulates translation and photosynthesis in response to environmental changes.

Inventory data from more than 1 million trees across African, Amazonian and Southeast Asian tropical forests suggests that, despite their high diversity, just 1,053 species, representing a consistent ~2.2% of tropical tree species in each region, constitute half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees.

Researchers found natural evidence of kinetic Eu anomalies caused by melt-induced diffusion in mantle peridotite clinopyroxene, providing an alternative to crustal recycling for the enigmatic ghost plagioclase signatures in oceanic basalts.

Here, Tisza, Dekker, and colleagues perform large scale analysis of genome methylation in the gut commensal and pathogen, Bacteroides fragilis group, revealing immense methyl motif diversity and evidence of widespread methyltransferase exchange among phages.

There are currently no licensed vaccines to prevent Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections. In this study, the authors evaluate the immune response and preclinical efficacy of a multicomponent mRNA lipid-nanoparticle vaccine against GAS.

Wood density is a key control on tree biomass, and understanding its spatial variation improves estimates of forest carbon stock. Sullivan et al. measure >900 forest plots to quantify wood density and produce high resolution maps of its variation across South American tropical forests.

Together with an accompanying paper presenting a transcriptomic atlas of the mouse lemur, interrogation of the atlas provides a rich body of data to support the use of the organism as a model for primate biology and health.

Inhibitors of the protein kinase Wee1 are promising drugs for cancer therapy. Here, the authors show that these drugs activate the integrated stress response via GCN2, synergising with mRNA translation defects. They suggest strategies such as PROTACs or ISR inhibitors to improve WEE1 mediated toxicity.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

High-resolution, spatial transcriptomic analysis of colorectal cancers using matched sequencing- and imaging-based methods characterizes immune cells and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment.

The social exposome—lifelong social and economic adversity—can shape brain health and dementia risk. Here, the authors show that an adverse social exposome is linked to poorer clinical, cognitive, and brain changes in Latin American older adults.

This flagship study from the European Solve-Rare Diseases Consortium presents a diagnostic framework including bioinformatic analysis of clinical, pedigree and genomic data coupled with expert panel review, leading to 500 new diagnoses in a cohort of 6,000 families with suspected rare diseases.

MISO (MultI-modal Spatial Omics) integrates two or more spatial omics modalities, despite differences in data quality and spatial resolution for improved feature extraction and clustering to reveal biologically meaningful tissue organization.

GABAB receptors contribute to complex inhibition that regulates cortical neurons in a translationally relevant manner over adult life. Here, authors show stronger presynaptic inhibition in humans than rats, and a role for GABAB receptors in the anti-seizure profile of levetiracetam.

The GelMap workflow adds a fluorescent grid into samples before expansion, allowing for precise determination of expansion factor and subsequent deformation correction in ExM. GelMap works with diverse samples and expansion methods.

Integrated multi-omic analyses using samples from the TRACERx study highlight cross-talk between DNA hypermethylation and genomic lesions in non-small cell lung cancer.

Crystalline materials are formed by the periodic order of atomic unit cells. Here, Pierangeli et al. report the formation of a ferrelectric super-crystal with micrometric unit cell from modulated nanoscale disorder in potassium-lithium-tantalate-niobate, which is potentially useful for engineering ordered states out of disorder.