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There is a need for shape memory alloys that exhibit both a large elastocaloric effect and fatigue resistance for practical, long-term solid-state cooling applications. Here authors fabricate a textured Ti₄₉Ni₅₁ alloy with high-density, epitaxially aligned Ti₄Ni₂O precipitates via controlled directional solidification, and characterize its microstructure and properties.

Protein kinases contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and immune evasion. This study identifies SPAK as a key driver of oncogenesis and immune exhaustion, showing that SPAK inhibition synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy to enhance antitumor efficacy.

Previous studies showed inhibition of glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 disrupts podocyte function. The study shows that PGK1-serine axis regulates and drives aging and damage of podocytes.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Hippocampus encodes structured representations of movie semantic features, supported by representational differentiation in DG-CA3 and integration in CA3-CA1. CA1-retrosplenial connectivity mediates integration and individual cognitive performance.

Topological interface states typically support the propagation of a single state in each direction, which limits their applicability. Now, co-propagating states are achieved in a photonic topological insulator system.

Authors develop MuPPE, which enables integrated proteome, phosphoproteome, and glycoproteome profiling from a single sample, providing deeper biological insights into aging and drug-response mechanisms.

Controllable and scalable phase transition of transition metal chalcogenides is challenging. Using in situ microscopic analysis, a non-stoichiometric phase transition from PdTe₂ to PdTe is observed on the atomic scale, providing mechanistic insights into the scalable phase engineering of transition metal chalcogenide films and heterostructures.

A deep learning radiopathomic signature based on features of CT images and whole-slide histology predicts recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and is relevant to Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and tumor immune infiltration.

Low temperature is a major factor limiting productivity in rice. Here the authors show that theCTB4a gene confers cold tolerance to japonicavarieties adapted to cold habitats at the booting stage of development, and propose that CTB4a acts via an interaction with the beta subunit of ATP synthase.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

This study presents LoopID, which profiles proteins at targeted interacting enhancer–promoter (E-P) pairs, identifying the histone demethylase JMJD2 as a regulator of E-P interactions through biomolecular condensate formation independent of its catalytic activity.

Bone-tendon interface repair is a challenge due to the transition between tissues. Here the authors report on magnetic Janus hydrogel microrobots loaded with dual bioactive ions for controlling cell phenotype and structure to promote healing of the bone-tendon interface in rotator cuff tear reconstruction surgery.

Reducing the embodied carbon emissions of building material stock is essential for mitigation. Using a high-resolution multiyear dataset in China, researchers show the historically massive contributions of these emissions during past decades of rapid urbanization and the potential risks for future climate goals.

Avian influenza A H5N1 has recently caused infections in humans following spillover events into cattle. Here, the authors investigate the genetic basis for the expanded host range of the virus.

Finding efficient ways to release hydrogen from liquid carriers is key to advancing clean energy systems. This study introduces a resilient catalyst that drives highly selective hydrogen production from formic acid using low-grade heat.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

Visium spatial transcriptomics, single-nucleus RNA sequencing and co-detection by indexing are used to identify distinct spatial microregions in tumours and their microenvironment across six diverse solid cancer types.

A pan-cancer epigenetic and transcriptomic atlas identifies epigenetic drivers associated with cancer transitions.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.

Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in colorectal cancer requires further mechanistic understanding. Here the authors show that the RNA N6-methyladenoine (m⁶A) eraser ALKBH5 destabilizes FAM84A mRNA to prevent β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation, contributing to colorectal cancer stemness and chemoresistance.

Feng et al. report a dynamic template-assisted strategy for depositing perovskite nanowire arrays across areas 12 times larger than the template itself, on diverse substrates. Large-area pixelated photodetectors with a responsivity of 1660A W⁻¹, detectivity of 3.9E14 Jones, and linear dynamic range of 160.3 dB are achieved.

Molecular docking is a key tool in computational drug design by searching for numerous poses of ligands bonding to target molecules, which challenges conventional computing. Here, He et al. report a probabilistic computing hardware to accomplish this complex task via a device-architecture co-design.

Laser plasma instabilities are the main factors contributing to degradation of hohlraum performance in inertial confinement fusion experiments. Here, the authors show asymmetric backscattering within the same laser cone at the SG-100kJ laser facility, unveiling the role of crossed-beam energy transfer and laser polarization.

A cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of brainstem structures identify 713 associations. It reveals shared/distinct genetic architectures across ancestries/substructures and overlaps with neuropsychiatric disorders and physiological functions.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

The promising electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes are strongly dependent on their chirality. Here a metal catalyst free, vapour-phase epitaxy-type cloning mechanism is shown to yield high purity metallic and semiconducting nanotubes from purified single-chirality seeds.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Cryogenic conditions limit molecular diffusion, inhibiting self-healing in most molecular systems. Here the authors present an organic molecular crystal capable of autonomous recovery at 77 K due to strong dipole–dipole interactions between aligned molecular layers.

Zheng et al. identify a role for CD160 in regulating CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion and cytotoxicity through the AKT–NF-κB pathway. The transfer of CD160⁺CD8⁺ T cells overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 treatment in colorectal cancer models.

Siltartoxatug, a first-in-class recombinant monoclonal antibody for tetanus prophylaxis, was shown to be safe and superior to plasma-derived human tetanus immunoglobulin in achieving anti-tetanus neutralizing antibody titers 12 hours after administration.

Achieving rapid thermal concealment across a wide temperature range is challenging. Here, the authors report a thermoelectric device-based thermal cloak that responds within 2.03 seconds over a temperature range from 5.77 °C to 109.16 °C.

By resonant excitation of an InAs quantum dot embedded in a microcavity, a deterministic single-photon source is demonstrated. Single-photon purity of 0.9795(6), photon indistinguishability of 0.9856(13), and an overall end-to-end efficiency of 0.712(18) are simultaneously obtained.

Pure-water anion-exchange electrolysis is hindered by fragile ionomers and delaminating catalyst layers. Here, the authors report covalently anchoring catalysts within a cross-linked ionomer network, yielding a pure-water cell that delivers 2.55 A cm⁻² at 1.9 V and runs over 1,800 h.

Radical methylation ranks among the most important yet challenging transformations in chemistry and biology, which often involves small and unstable radical intermediates, and results in low reactivity and poor selectivity. Herein, the authors report a bioinspired transfer methylation protocol for the direct and selective C(sp²)-H methylation of heteroarenes.

Baizosediminiarchaeum, a key player in the deep biosphere, builds butanetriol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (BDGT) membrane lipids and feeds on both CO₂ and lignin, revealing a survival strategy in low-energy environments and a unique lipid biomarker for this group.

Ferroptotic propagation aggravates kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury and causes delayed graft function. Here, the authors show that inhibiting lactate shuttle and AARS1-mediated NPM1 lactylation protects graft function by blocking ferroptotic waves.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

NICER is a broad-spectrum nanovaccine based on a nanovesicle system that can induce an effective immune response via epigenetic regulation to target both cancer stem-like cells and bulk tumour cells to prevent tumour recurrence.

Deep-sea sediments are a key sink for molybdenum (Mo). Here it is found that the their isotopic composition is heavier than typical endmembers; refining the global Mo budget, and improving reconstructions of past ocean oxygen levels.

Crosstalk between the brain and CLNs is critical in brain pathologies. Here, the authors show in a mouse model that extravasated erythrocytes following SAH are degraded by cathepsin S of medullary LECs in CLNs, which plays an important role in SAH pathology.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Extracting rare earth elements (REEs) from wastewater is essential for the growth of an eco-friendly sustainable economy but separating individual rare earth elements remains challenging. Here, the authors report a REE nanotrap that features dense uncoordinated carboxyl groups and triazole N atoms in a two-fold interpenetrated metalorganic framework which is highly responsive to the size variation of rareearth ions.

The authors develop a molecular dopant to avoid the dimerization of the electron-selective material phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester, resulting in enhanced stability and efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells.

Ubiquitin E3 ligases are key to accessing ubiquitinated proteins, but only a few substrates have defined E3 ligases. Here, the authors reveal the mechanism of naturally occurring E3-independent ubiquitination and develop an E3-free enzymatic strategy for the versatile generation of ubiquitinated proteins.

It is uncertain how much life expectancy of the Chinese population would improve under current and greater policy targets on lifestyle-based risk factors for chronic diseases and mortality behaviours. Here we report a simulation of how improvements in four risk factors, namely smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and diet, could affect mortality. We show that in the ideal scenario, that is, all people who currently smokers quit smoking, excessive alcohol userswas reduced to moderate intake, people under 65 increased moderate physical activity by one hour and those aged 65 and older increased by half an hour per day, and all participants ate 200 g more fresh fruits and 50 g more fish/seafood per day, life expectancy at age 30 would increase by 4.83 and 5.39 years for men and women, respectively. In a more moderate risk reduction scenario referred to as the practical scenario, where improvements in each lifestyle factor were approximately halved, the gains in life expectancy at age 30 could be half those of the ideal scenario. However, the validity of these estimates in practise may be influenced by population-wide adherence to lifestyle recommendations. Our findings suggest that the current policy targets set by the Healthy China Initiative could be adjusted dynamically, and a greater increase in life expectancy would be achieved.

Hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) limits the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. Here this group reports a ruthenium-based nanocatalyst alleviating hypoxic TME, activating protein transient receptor potential melastatin 2 ion channel, promoting systemic immune response thereby eliciting its therapeutic efficacy against osteosarcoma.