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Introducing and stabilizing oxygen vacancies within oxide supports remains a significant challenge for enhancing catalytic activity in redox reactions. Here, the authors fabricate centimeter-scale porous single-crystalline Nb₂O₅ monoliths and deposit Pt clusters on their surfaces, creating an interfacial system that markedly improves catalytic CO oxidation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common cause of female infertility linked to metabolic and hormonal imbalances. Here, the authors show that androgen driven SLC1A5 upregulation increases glutamine uptake, leading to abnormal follicular development in PCOS via histone deacetylation.

The authors show that NAT10 is upregulated with T cell antigen receptor signaling and that T cell-specific NAT10 deficiency results in diminished numbers of naive T cells, translating to an inability to mount a significant antiviral T cell response.

Cardiometabolic disease and depression often co-occur, but their multi-organ basis was unclear. Here, the authors analyse UK Biobank imaging and genetics, identifying abdomen-heart-brain networks and 43 shared loci, improving multimorbidity prediction

A trispecific T cell engager has been developed to redirect bystander T cells, overcoming immunosuppression and enhancing antitumour immunity across multiple solid tumour types, alongside a machine learning-based tool to predict its efficacy.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

A pigeon-eye-inspired multimodal high-resolution tactile sensor, combined with a tactile language model, allows robots to achieve human-like tactile perception and understanding of their environment.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

PARP inhibitors are effective in cancer patients with BRCA1 mutations but whether this can extend to BRCA1 wildtype patients by targeting BRCA1 transcriptional regulation is unclear. Here, in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer, the authors identify OFD1 as a transcriptional regulator of BRCA1 via the DREAM complex and as a potential therapeutic target in combination with PARP inhibition.

This research explores Thouless pumping of quadratic solitons in materials that are periodically modulated in both transverse and longitudinal directions. After one cycle of longitudinal modulation, the center of a soliton either does not shift or shifts in the transverse direction by an integer number of transverse lattice periods, with the direction of motion controlled by the topological properties of the refractive index landscape.

Xue et al. develop a foundation model for spectral analysis. It excels in multiple tasks, such as denoising spectra and quantifying trace molecules, and is especially promising in identifying metabolic biomarkers of diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and prostate cancer.

Efficient base editors for direct thymine (T) editing are highly desirable. Here, authors develop two deaminase-free glycosylase-based base editors for direct T editing (gTBE) and C editing (gCBE) by rounds of structure-informed mutagenesis on human DNA glycosylase UNG and further engineering.

Data heterogeneity presents a challenge in distributed artificial intelligence (AI) for medical imaging across diverse clinical settings. Here, the authors develop HeteroSync Learning, a privacy-preserving distributed learning framework that mitigates data heterogeneity and outperforms classical, state-of-the-art, and foundation models.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

A new architecture based on high-valence sulfur/sulfur tetrachloride cathode chemistry is described for manufacturing high-voltage anode-free sodium–sulfur batteries, demonstrating promise for applications in grid energy storage and wearable electronics.

Achieving wireless and high charge density neural stimulation remains challenging. To address this issue, the authors develop a sonocapacitor from piezoelectric-dielectric composite nanospheres and two-dimensional cellulose.

Tao et al. study the role of TRMT6 in colorectal cancer, where it is upregulated and show that TRMT6 supports histone biosynthesis by stabilizing tRNA-Lys-TTT-1-1. Targeting TRMT6 reduced histone mRNA translation in a codon-biased manner.

Wan, J. Shi, M. Shi, Huang et al. report a role for lactate dehydrogenase B in regulating CD8⁺ T cell disulfidptosis and exhaustion through the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thereby impacting the efficacy of antitumour immunity.

Here, the authors develop an integrated mass spectrometry-based strategy that allows metabolic biomarker discovery based on nanoliter-scale biofluids in seconds. Biomarkers of diabetic cataracts are detected in trace ocular fluids with high diagnostic performance revealed to have and anti-cataract activity.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.

Optimal siRNA assembly, delivery, and release are key to ulcerative colitis treatment. Here the authors develop an inflammation-specific DNA origami nanodevice for targeted delivery of siRNAs to the intestine and selective exposure of siRNAs at inflamed sites, achieving effective therapy.

Insulin resistance contributes to cardiometabolic disease, but its genetic basis remains incompletely defined. Here, the authors identify 217 associated loci and highlight potential therapeutic targets, linking insulin resistance to multiple diseases and aging traits.

Real-time tracking of levodopa dynamics is key for precise Parkinson’s therapy. Here, the authors develop a continuous monitoring system with a nano MIP-functionalized carbon nanotube fiber sensor that achieves in vivo pharmacokinetic profiling and guides dosing regimen optimization.

X. Du, W. Li, G. Li, C. Guo et al. report that dietary galactose regulates the cellular crosstalk between hepatocytes and CD8⁺ T cells via IGFBP-1 production and IGF-1 signalling, thereby modulating T cell exhaustion and antitumour immunity.

A synthetic biology approach was used to engineer Vibrio natriegens into a strain capable of bioremediating complex organic pollutants in saline wastewater and soils, thereby addressing notable threats to marine biosecurity.

A cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of brainstem structures identify 713 associations. It reveals shared/distinct genetic architectures across ancestries/substructures and overlaps with neuropsychiatric disorders and physiological functions.

The mechanisms resulting in muscle satellite cell dysfunction in diabetes are not well understood. Here, the authors show that AS160 functions in the nucleus to regulate satellite cell proliferation and that its impaired nuclear entry is linked to diabetic myopathy.

Treating myocardial reperfusion injury via nanotherapy is challenging due to clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Here, the authors target the spleen to reduce acute heart injury and improve long-term cardiac function via transient IRF7 inhibition.

Spin-1/2 Heisenberg chains are fabricated through on-surface synthesis and reduction. As the chain length increases, the spin excitation gaps decrease, suggesting a gapless state in the thermodynamic limit. Spinon dispersion observed in the spin chains highlights the potential of this approach for realizing custom quantum spin systems.

China’s crowded coasts must balance seafood demand with conserving migratory shorebirds that rely on tidal flats along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. This study suggests that well-managed mariculture feeds shorebirds and limits overharvest, benefiting seafood production and biodiversity.

T follicular helper (TFH) cell numbers are increased after vaccination and fewer of these cells might result in reduced vaccine responses. Here the authors show in mice and humans that leptin promotes T_FH differentiation and that low leptin levels can impair T_FH response to vaccines and virus protection in mice.

Microbial biosynthesis is a promising alternative to plant extraction to obtain post-modified flavonoids, but current de novo biosynthesis is limited to milligrams per litre. Now the production of plant-derived medicinal flavonoid monoglycosides and diglycosides is reported from simple carbon sources in an unconventional yeast at over 26 g l⁻¹.

A South China Sea expedition in 2021 identified a 3.5-km-deep site close to the Equator for a next-generation neutrino telescope: TRIDENT. A large array of advanced detectors will be arrayed on the seabed to probe fundamental physics and explore the extreme Universe.

The authors reveal that interfacial dead layers in ferroelectric ScAlN originate from nitrogen vacancies and strain, highlighting their critical role in unlocking the full potential of nitride ferroelectrics for advanced device architectures.

This study identifies four distinct polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) subtypes using unsupervised clustering analysis on data from 11,908 women and validated across five diverse cohorts. The subtypes show unique clinical features and suggest that subtype-specific management could enhance treatment precision for PCOS.

SET domain–containing 2 (SETD2) is reported as an immunosuppressor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here the authors show that SETD2 loss enhances de novo sphingomyelin biosynthesis during the transition from polycystic kidney disease to ccRCC.

This study demonstrates precise tuning of metal-organic framework pore structures by simply adjusting solvothermal temperature, enabling efficient gas separations (C₃H₆/C₃H₈, CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂) with good scalability and structural stability.

Regulatory T (T_reg) cells have an important role in age-related diseases and inflammation; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Li et al. identify a T_reg-specific long noncoding RNA, Altre, that binds Yin Yang 1 to regulate liver T_reg mitochondrial function in old mice. Altre deletion accelerates aging-associated liver pathogenesis.