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The interplay between microglial phagocytosis and function is not completely understood. Here, the authors show that in response to neurodegeneration, the phagocytic receptor MerTK in microglia triggers PU.1 and IRF8, which elicit TGFβ1 as an autocrine signal. This signaling pathway also occurs in Alzheimer’s disease mouse model and patient cells.

Zhang, Huang, Wang, Long et al. report that NAT10 enhances serine uptake and biosynthesis in an ac4C-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting stemness and progression in acute myeloid leukaemia.

This study reveals a hierarchical development of the brain’s structural connectome from infancy to childhood, characterized by distinct sensorimotor-association trajectories and alignment with multiple neurobiological hierarchies.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

Rice indica varieties have higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) than that of japonica varieties. Here, the authors show that natural variation of OsWRKY23 and its interaction with DULL NITROGEN RESPONSE1 (DNR1)-mediated auxin accumulation play a role in NUE divergence between the two rice subspecies.

The substantia nigra and all Parkinson’s disease deep-brain stimulation targets are selectively connected to the somato-cognitive action network rather than to effector-specific motor regions.

Multi-omics and genetic models show that CGG repeat toxicity in GABAergic neurons drives FXTAS pathology and identify PRKCG as a critical modifier and potential therapeutic target.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

This study uncovers genetic links between plant roots and their microbiome in Brassica napus, identifying microbe-associated loci and a beneficial bacterium, Sphingopyxis, that promotes nitrogen uptake.

Spatial multi-modal data analysis using embeddings from diverse foundation models (spEMO) represents a transformative approach that unifies embeddings from pathology foundation models with those from large language models to advance spatial multi-omics research.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

Improving the elongation of stretchable organic electronics typically increases flexibility at the expense of ductility. Here, authors construct a covalent network, reinforced by silica filler, for improving crack-onset strain and modulus, achieving efficiency of 16.5% for stretchable solar cells.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

NatD is an acetyltransferase responsible for N-α-terminal acetylation of the histone H4 and H2A and has been linked to cell growth. Here the authors show that NatD-mediated acetylation of histone H4 serine 1 competes with the phosphorylation by CK2α at the same residue thus leading to the upregulation of Slug and tumor progression.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Amplification and optimal noise filtering in hyperpolarized noble-gas spins of observations from distributed intercity quantum sensors monitoring for unexpected transient rotations of polarized spins set parameter range constraints in the search for axion dark matter.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

The xylosyltransferase isoenzymes XT1 and XT2 catalyze the first glycosylation step in the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. Now, bump-and-hole engineering of XT1 and XT2 enables substrate profiling and modification of proteins as designer proteoglycans to modulate cellular behavior.

Here the authors show that persistent antigen stimulation drives the generation of CD8⁺ tissue-resident exhausted T cells with distinct developmental origins, function and therapeutic responsiveness when compared to CD8⁺ tissue-resident memory T cells.

Wu et al. evaluated cerebral spinal fluid DNA (cfDNA) before and after surgery in people with glioma. Tumor profiles could be established with people with ≥90% decline in mutant allele frequency showing longer survival.

A peptide-based PD-L1-targeted nanorobot disrupts cancer cell membranes via pH-responsive fibril formation, and enhances T cell infiltration and immune activation, inducing a potent anticancer response in animal models of colorectal cancer.

Multi-trait genome-wide analyses identify variants associated with comorbid lung diseases. Polygenic scores leveraging shared components of heritable risk improve prediction of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in a multi-ancestry cohort.

Researchers identified a unique “latch bulge” in yeast mitofusin Fzo1. This fungi-specific structure allows Fzo1 to dimerize and remain locked after catalyzing GTP hydrolysis, enabling efficient mitochondrial fusion with minimal energy consumption.

Rancid odors trigger retching and aversion. Here, authors show a nose-to-brain axis whereby such odors activate olfactory-piriform circuits that diverge to mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens to mediate retching-like behavior and aversion.

By integrating the serum concentration of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) with its in vitro 80% inhibitory concentration, the PT₈₀ biomarker may be used to guide target levels of bNAbs for effective prevention of HIV-1 acquisition.

A tripolar pattern of Pacific sea surface temperature variability strongly modulates tropical cyclone latitudes and largely determined their poleward migration during the period 1980–2024, according to a data-model analysis.

Lam et al. evaluate a self-report scale and eight BERT-family large language models trained on clinical interview transcripts to detect clinician-rated depression in people with and without alexithymia. All models detect depression more accurately than the self-report scales in detecting depression, particularly in those with alexithymia.

Metabolite signatures were identified for subtypes of dietary carbohydrate, including added sugar, whole grain and refined grain, and showed different associations with type 2 diabetes, providing an objective measure of dietary risk.

This study shows that keto-enol tautomerism in 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (Tp) imine COFs acts as variable electron/hole traps, boosting exciton dissociation and charge transfer. Tp COF (TpBpy) achieves an photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation rate of 8350 μmol h^-1 g^-1 under simulated light, and a solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of 0.038% in a flow reactor under natural sunlight.

Schisantherin A (Sin A), a bioactive lignan from Schisandra chinensis, alleviates obesity and liver fat accumulation in mice, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that Sin A mitigates obesity and related metabolic disorders by elevating circulating conjugated bile acids, which in turn modulate adipose tissue thermogenesis in mice.

Soil viruses may impact soil carbon cycle. Here, the authors use metagenomic analysis of contaminated soil and 13 C labeled microcosm incubation to show that the DNA viral community enhances microbial carbon fixation capacity via auxiliary metabolic genes.

Vapour-phase methods are promising for nanomaterial synthesis but the vaporization of different precursors for the synthesis of a broad nanomaterial space is challenging. Here electrified vapour deposition generates ultrahigh-temperature, high-flux atomic vapour at atmospheric pressure to rapidly vaporize diverse precursors, enabling the synthesis of multi-elemental nanomaterials with uniform compositions and tunable structures.

This study elucidates nanoscopic strain evolution in single-crystal Ni-rich positive electrodes, demonstrating that mechanical failure results from lattice distortions, and redefines the roles of cobalt and manganese in battery cycling stability.

How landscapes are arranged affects soil pathogenic fungi worldwide. The authors reveal the global pattern and pronounced scale-dependency of landscape complexity and land-cover quantity on soil pathogenic fungal diversity.

Efforts to develop P2X7 drugs are hampered by species differences. Here, authors reveal the structural basis for these disparities and show that transgenic mice provide a powerful model for testing selective inhibitors with greater clinical relevance.

Here they show that mitochondria-localized NEK7 couples mitochondrial complex II subunit SDHB to maintain the homeostasis of electron transport in hepatocytes, thereby impeding the progression of liver fibrosis.

Techniques for determining chiral purity are important, but can be challenging to achieve by eye. Here, the authors report the development of dyes with visual chiral recognition capabilities by changes in the coassembly process and therefore variable steric hindrance.

Silicon negative electrodes in solid-state batteries exhibit poor reversibility. Here, the authors demonstrate surface halogenation engineering that suppresses irreversible lithium loss, achieving 94.3% initial Coulombic efficiency and 72% capacity retention over 500 cycles at 25°C.

Syt1 is a primary Ca²⁺ sensor for secretion but the function of non-Ca²⁺ -affinitive Syt11 remains unknown. Here, authors identify strong but Ca²⁺ -inhibited lipid affinity of Syt11, and a Syt11-1-11 inter-switch during excitation-coupled exo-endocytosis.

The rapid degradation during operation of perovskite solar cells may be caused by the limited durability of passivation by ammonium-terminated ligands. Here, the authors reveal the depassivation mechanism of perovskites induced by violet/ultraviolet light, validated in cells with 26.44% efficiency

The development of robust catalysts that could work under high current densities brings promise but is a challenge in CO₂ electroreduction. Here, the authors report a wettability-engineered electrode design for ethylene electrosynthesis that operates over 1000 h without salt precipitation.

Composite solid electrolytes face sluggish inter-phase Li⁺ migration. Here, authors construct a FeF₃-based anion-capturing layer onto Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂ nanofillers within PVdF solid electrolyte, where the charge gradient layer on the interface promotes Li⁺ cross-phase conductivity.

Zika virus impairs male fertility by utilizing its NS2A protein to block the translation of CYP17A1 mRNA in Leydig cells, thereby suppressing testosterone synthesis and sperm production in vivo.

A telomere-to-telomere gap-free pig genome assembly (T2T-pig1.0) for a Wuzhishan boar highlights Y chromosome structure and genomic regions potentially associated with body stature.

There is an unmet medical need for endometrial cancer patients with mismatch-repair proficient disease. Here, the authors report the primary analysis of the FRUSICA-1 phase Ib/II trial evaluating fruquintinib plus sintilimab in this population, showing an ORR of 32.7%, a median PFS of 8.6 months, and manageable toxicity.