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By combining satellite observations with ground-based data and expert validation, this analysis demonstrates considerable misestimation of grassland extent and thereby carbon stock estimates in previous global assessments based on remote sensing.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is often dysregulated in cancer, but its mechanisms remain unclear. This study reveals that MST4- mediated LAMP2A phosphorylation regulates CMA by stabilizing lysosomal LAMP2A, thereby promoting GBM tumorigenicity and immune evasion.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Metabolite signatures were identified for subtypes of dietary carbohydrate, including added sugar, whole grain and refined grain, and showed different associations with type 2 diabetes, providing an objective measure of dietary risk.

The magnitude of the increase in global river flow between 1980 and 2014 is 13.6% lower than Earth system models estimate and is expected to be 9.3% lower in the future, according to an analysis of emerging constraints on the components of the water cycle.

PCSK9 binds to and promotes degradation of LDLR, thus regulating serum levels of LDL. An accessible groove in PCSK9, adjacent to the LDLR-binding site, can be targeted by peptides that disrupt the LDLR interaction.

In JAK2V617F mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), inflammation impacts clinical outcomes. This study uncovers that the NLRP3 inflammasome drives thrombocytosis, granulocytosis, HSPC expansion, splenomegaly, and bone marrow fibrosis in MPN

This protocol covers the acoustics-based separation of biological particles such as viruses and single extracellular vesicles from biofluids, including plasma and saliva, with high purity.

This study reports that the gene SMPED1, located in a previously identified dichogamy-determining region in Alpinia species, controls the timing of sex-organ synchrony, improving our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of plant sexual diversity.

Sun et al. reveal that root-knot nematode attack activates a phyB-HY5 cascade that integrates light and GLR3.5-CaM2 signals to boost JA synthesis in tomato, with HY5 moving from leaves to roots to sustain signaling and trigger JA-mediated defense.

This research quantifies hospital admissions in Shanghai for mental and behavioral disorders linked to humid heat, projecting a 68.2% increase by the 2090s under high greenhouse gas emissions and emphasizing the importance of mitigation strategies to reduce future morbidity burdens.

Somatic mutations in blood cells (CHIP) are linked to diseases like heart disease, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that different CHIP driver genes alter unique sets of plasma proteins, some of which are validated in mouse models.

Current industrial methods of ethylene glycol production generate substantial CO₂ emissions. Here electrocatalytic ethylene-to-ethylene glycol conversion is coupled to electrochemical CO₂ capture, decreasing carbon intensity by an order of magnitude.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

RNA folding free energy nearest neighbor parameters were determined for sequences with the nucleotide m⁶A. The RNAstructure software package can accommodate modified nucleotides, enabling secondary structure prediction of sequences with m⁶A.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Arabzade, Shirnekhi, Varadharajan, Ippagunta and colleagues show that the zinc finger translocation-associated (ZFTA) fusion oncoproteins gain intrinsically disordered regions, inducing nuclear condensate formation and oncogenic activation.

Health-related traits are known to vary geographically. Here, Amador and colleagues show that regional variation of obesity-related traits in a Scottish population is influenced more by lifestyle differences than it is by genetic differences.

New treatments for cocaine use disorder (CocUD) require an understanding of the underlying neurobiology. Here, the authors show opposing effects of ZEB1 in CocUD and highlight disrupted synaptic signaling and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets.

Visualisation methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are widely used in research, yet they often lead to misinterpretations due to distortion. The authors introduce a statistical framework to detect intrinsic map discontinuities and improve the reliability of interpretations.

The joint analysis of datasets from NOvA and T2K, the two currently operating long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, provides new constraints related to neutrino masses and fundamental symmetries.

Enhanced polyamine depletion in neuroblastoma models decreases translation of mRNA codons with adenosine in the third position, reprogramming the tumour proteome away from cell cycle progression and towards differentiation.

Fluorinated polyacetylene has typically proven to be inaccessible using traditional polymer synthesis, but there is much interest in its predicted properties. Now, a mechanochemical unzipping strategy has succeeded in the synthesis of a gold-coloured, semiconducting fluorinated polyacetylene with improved stability in air compared to polyacetylene.

Nematicity, the spontaneous breaking of lattice rotational symmetry, plays an important role in kagome metals. Here, the authors report on a nematic phase within seven Kelvin below the charge density wave transition in the bilayer kagome metal ScV₆Sn₆.

This study reports age-dependent negative correlations between temporal changes in maximal leaf area index and growing season length, indicating contrasting leaf acclimation strategies driving vegetation greening in young versus old deciduous broadleaf forests.

Previous ophthalmic foundation models have struggled to generalize effectively to diverse and rare fundus diseases, restricting their clinical applicability. Here, the authors introduce a vision-language foundation model that demonstrates superior performance in diagnosing both common and rare fundus conditions.

The viral delivery of a miniaturized form of a master protein that establishes dyads (nanostructures involved in excitation–contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes) improved dyad architecture and normalized cardiac function under pressure overload.

The homeostasis of plant NLRs needs to be tightly regulated to avoid triggering autoimmunity. Here, the authors revealed that domain shuffling can transfer pre-existing ubiquitination regulatory mechanism to control homeostasis of plant paired NLR complex harboring integrated domains.

Oxygen evolution is a key reaction in electrolysers and involves a spin-dependent, multi-electron transfer process. Here the authors use topological semimetals with intrinsic chirality as a means to control spin in oxygen evolution catalysts, and explore the role of spin–orbit coupling in determining activity.

In contrast to genetic circuits, here the authors develop protein biocircuits based on proteases. They show these activity-based circuits can execute Boolean logic for programmable drug delivery and perform fuzzy logic to solve a mathematical oracle problem, Learning Parity with Noise.

Human embryo development involves extensive transcriptional remodeling. In this study, the authors apply long- and short-read RNA-Seq to profile the transcriptomes of 73 human preimplantation embryos spanning zygotic to blastocyst stages, identifying tens of thousands of additional isoforms transcribed from both known and unannotated gene loci.

Polyketide yields in Streptomyces are boosted by routing stored intracellular triacylglycerol into pathways that make industrially relevant products.

Inhibition of factor XI has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate bleeding while potentially preserving antithrombotic efficacy. In this Review, the authors comprehensively discuss the rationale, pharmacology, evidence and future directions for factor XI inhibitors across various clinical settings.

Buttar et al. explore a contactless method for screening five respiratory diseases using 6G Integrated Sensing And Communication Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (ISAC OFDM) signals from software-defined radios. Using deep learning, the approach enables accurate, real-time screening for Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Interstitial Lung Disease, Pneumonia and Tuberculosis.

All-electrical excitation of the hyperbolic phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride by drifting charge carriers in nearby graphene results in electroluminescence at mid-infrared frequencies.

In solid ⁴He, a fraction of the solid seems to decouple from the motion of the surrounding lattice when subjected to oscillatory motion. However, no thermodynamic signature of the possible supersolid transition has been seen. This paper reports the finding of a heat capacity peak that coincides with the onset of mass decoupling. This complementary experimental evidence supports the existence of a genuine transition between the normal solid and supersolid phases of ⁴He.

The calcium isotope ⁴¹Ca is a promising candidate to complement dating methods relying on radiocarbon. Small levels of ⁴¹Ca can be measured with atom-trap trace analysis, which brings the use of ⁴¹Ca a step closer to applications.

Biochemical, functional and computational analyses are combined to show that circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency.

PALB2 is an established breast cancer risk gene but the pathogenicity of many variants remains uncharacterised. Here, the authors present a cDNA-based system for the functional analysis of PALB2 variants of unknown significance.