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Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

High-latitude soils are future soil organic carbon loss hotspots, with losses dominated by particulate organic carbon (POC). The fraction of POC in total SOC (f_POC) is a key indicator, emphasizing the climate importance of preserving POC.

Application of large language models (LLMs) for automating complex and data-intensive crop phenotype analysis remains unexplored. Here, the authors integrate LLM with curated toolkit for phenotype extraction, visualization, and model training and show its ability to reduce technical barriers and enhance accessibility.

The cellular origin and developmental trajectory of DICER1 syndrome-associated tumors are currently unknown. Here, the authors employ a lineage-traceable genetically modified mouse model for DICER1 syndrome to identify universal fibroblasts as the likely cellular origin of mouse Dicer1 sarcoma and map their developmental trajectory, findings that are validated in human DICER1 mesenchymal tumors.

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a serious sequela of Strep A infection, for which a diagnostic biomarker is still lacking. Here, the authors demonstrate that CXCR3 directs T cells to heart valves in patients with ARF, linking inflammation to tissue damage.

Ribosomal Protein S15 (RPS15) is recurrently mutated in B-cell leukemia but its leukemogenic role remains unclear. Here, the authors establish mutant RPS15 as a cancer driver and reveal mechanisms by which these mutations induce translational defects, DNA damage and genomic instability that together promote leukemogenesis.

Single-cell transcriptome profiling has been reported for human thymi, but high-resolution spatial information is still lacking. Here the authors use Stereo-seq to report spatial transcriptomic and proteomic information from human fetal and pediatric thymi to provide a useful resource, and to define transcription factor networks regulating rare thymic cell types.

Using an evolutionary optimization approach, the authors report a culture medium that matures stem cell-derived heart cells, improving their structure, metabolism and electrical activity to advance highly functional models for in vitro testing.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Phosphorus locked in carbonate rocks from seven global sites shows simultaneous marine phosphorus spikes during major mass extinctions. Modelling ties high marine phosphorus to eutrophication, CO2 drawdown, and global cooling.

Exposome analyses across 34 countries showed that social exposures were associated with faster functional brain aging and physical exposures with faster structural brain aging.

This study identifies extensive lateral interdigitations in the kidney’s ascending thin limb and demonstrates that Claudin-10b regulates both epithelial architecture and urine-concentrating function in this distinct nephron segment.

Methyl groups play a vital role in pharmaceuticals, where their installation onto aryl and heteroaryl moieties of drug candidates can often enhance drug-target interactions. Here, the authors report the methylation of phenols (as tosylates) and aryl halides via a hydrazone-mediated Ni catalyzed cross-coupling reaction, employing formaldehyde hydrazone as the methyl reagent.

Structural complexity often hinders the efficient conversion of lignin into sustainable high-value products. This bifunctional core–shell catalyst enables a relay reaction that transforms lignin into jet-fuel range cycloalkanes with high yields.

Drivers of fungal metabolic diversity are incompletely understood. Here, the authors conduct a global genomics study of over 1,000 pathogenic fungi to show that geography shapes the metabolic diversity in Aspergillus flavus revealing how climate drives fungal chemical adaptive evolution.

The impact of cooling through the Eocene-Oligocene transition on the marine biosphere is not well constrained. Here the authors construct a high-resolution record of foraminiferal species richness history spanning this transition that reveals differential diversity trends depending on foraminiferal habitat and life mode.

N-desethyl-fluornitrazene is a µ-opioid receptor agonist derived from nitazenes that has supramaximal intrinsic efficacy that produces analgesia with minimal adverse effects in rodent models.

KRAS G12C inhibitors have improved outcomes but mainly in non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, despite it being a well-established oncogene in a range of cancer types. Here, the authors present a first-in-human phase I/II clinical trial investigating the next-generation KRAS G12C inhibitor, olomorasib, in KRAS G12C-mutant advanced solid tumors.

Immune imprinting narrows the vaccine recall response towards dominant epitopes but protection against rapidly evolving viruses is enhanced if the breadth of responses is preserved. Here authors show in a ferret model that introducing optimized antigenic variation between prime and boost vaccines diversify the targeted epitopes and thus broadens immunity in a ferret model of influenza vaccination.

The magnetospheric cusp is a key solar wind– magnetic field interface. Here, the authors show that Saturn’s cusp has a pronounced dawn–dusk asymmetry, with signatures reaching the postdusk region, unlike Earth’s near-noon cusp.

High-resolution satellite data enables a unique verification of national methane emissions worldwide. Global estimates are 63 Tg a⁻¹ for oil-gas, 30% higher than the UNFCCC reports due to under-reporting by four largest emitters, and 33 Tg a⁻¹ for coal, consistent with previous estimates.

Dutta et al. demonstrate that the tumor suppressor complex BRCA1–BARD1 physically interacts with the RNA–DNA helicase Senataxin (SETX) and upregulates the activity of SETX to resolve harmful R-loops crucial for the avoidance of transcription–replication conflicts.

Aqueous two-phase systems have potential as biomimetic materials, but often lack stability and are prone to collapse. Here, the authors use interfacial assembly of chitin nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals to prepare a biobased system with permeability and switchable motility.

Li and colleagues show that the transcription factor ZFP148 restrains the differentiation of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells toward cytolytic effector cells by repressing the expression of KLF2.

Two-dimensional (2D) metal halide perovskites exhibit efficient photoinduced emission at room temperature, but control over charge carrier transport remains limited. Here formamidinium-based layered 2D perovskites are developed with high predicted symmetry. The absence of octahedral distortion results in an exciton diffusion length of 2.5 µm.

Interactions between climate policy instruments can have synergistic and conflicting effects, but these interactions are not systematically understood. This research provides global evidence on how policy characteristics and interactions in different contexts could lead to different outcomes.

Detailed oxygen maps of spiral galaxy NGC 1365 and cosmological simulations trace when its disk, bar and outer gas formed, showing that chemical fingerprints can reveal the merger and growth history of a galaxy.

It remains unclear why some BRCA-deficient high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC) do not respond to platinum-based therapy. Here, multi-omic analysis of BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient HGSC attributes co-occurring mutations, DNA repair deficiency and tumor microenvironment features to short survival in these patients.

Single-variant and ultrarare variant burden analyses leveraging exome sequencing data from 22 cohorts identify new risk genes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and show cumulative effects of several rare variants on disease risk.

The authors from the ALICE collaboration identify multiple species of mesons and baryons and measure the anisotropic flow with non-flow removal techniques in pp and p-Pb collisions at the LHC, identifying the hallmark of quark flow associated with an expanding quark-gluon plasma.

An evaluation across 193 countries for the 2026 Global Action Plan update showed that countries with strong multisectoral governance and early surveillance adoption achieved long-term improvements in reducing antimicrobial resistance.

The first-in-human clinical trial of the LRRK2-targeting antisense oligonucleotide BIIB094 in Parkinson’s disease demonstrates that the treatment is well tolerated and produces dose-dependent reductions in cerebrospinal fluid levels of LRRK2 and phosphorylated Rab10, indicating successful target engagement.

Bacteria are able to covalently incorporate n:3 polyfluoroalkyl carboxylates into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, two major components of bacterial lipid bilayers.

Single-nucleus chromatin and RNA sequencing identifies epigenetic chromatin domains that confer vulnerability to paediatric brain tumours such as ependymomas, providing insight into the development of such tumours despite ‘quiet’ genomes.

Machine learning upscaling analyses of global FLUXNET carbon and water flux measurements indicate that dryland vegetation productivity showed a negligible increase between 1982–2000 and 2001–2022, whereas humid-region vegetation productivity exhibited a nearly constant increase.

Hydrogels containing C=O groups and calcium cations show an unexpected paramagnetic effect that may have biomedical applications.

Catabolism of extracellular glutathione by γ-glutamyltransferases supports tumour growth and survival, and pharmacological targeting of these enzymes slows tumour growth.

Longitudinal metatranscriptomics in a prospective cohort of 1,164 adults hospitalized for COVID-19 reveals that azithromycin offered no apparent anti-inflammatory benefit but enriched the respiratory microbiome with potential pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes.

Prodrug ionizable lipid nanoparticles co-delivering an effector T cell stimulant and a T cell exhaustion inhibitor eliminate primary and distal tumours, offering a potent strategy for combination cancer immunotherapy.

The paper reports a scalable, chemical-free plasma process that converts methane and water into high-purity, single-layer graphene oxide while co-producing hydrogen, cutting greenhouse emissions, and lowering cost compared with conventional methods.

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is increasingly central to systems biology. Here, the authors present a high-throughput, multi-organ workflow that profiles 11,472 proteins in 507 mouse samples, enabling rapid, system-level evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity.

Manipulating chemical interactions is crucial in protein assembly. Here, the authors highlight the importance of accounting for solvent forces mediated by interfacial hydration structures when designing protein assemblies at liquid-crystal interfaces.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

The study finds that IPMK and InsP₆activate HDAC3 to preserve gut integrity. Loss of IPMK impairs this axis, causing leaky gut, while InsP₆ restores HDAC3 function, offering a potential therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.

Many vascular‑disease risk loci lack defined causal genes. Here, the authors integrate functional genomics and CRISPR screens to identify genes influencing smooth muscle cell behaviour, validating roles for FES, BCAR1, CARF and SMARCA4, with Fes loss promoting atherosclerosis and hypertension.

Variant mapping of sorghum promoters identifies CRISPR-accessible mutations that upregulate gene expression.

A pan-haematologic cancer approach, involving analysis of data from 256 patients across 5 cancer types and 13 clinical trials, revealed predictive biomarkers for understanding the response or non-response of patients to CAR-T therapy.

An electrothermal fluorination methodology has been developed to transform granular activated carbon-sorbed aqueous film-forming foam waste into graphene and a fluorinating reagent, subsequently enabling lithium recovery from brine sources.

This study presents an organ-wide spatial transcriptomic analysis of human skin from different anatomical sites using a combination of MERFISH technology and existing datasets from healthy and diseased skin.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.