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RNase MRP is an essential ribonucleoprotein complex in eukaryotes. Here, authors describe how RNase MRP structurally and functionally diverged from RNase P, through specific RNA-protein adaptations, to evolve a novel ssRNA processing activity in eukaryotes.

Extracellular vesicles carrying diverse molecules circulate the body. Here, the authors show that blood-borne vesicles containing specific miRNAs boost synaptic function and sociability in mice, revealing a non-canonical pathway for social behavior.

Authors implemented a strategy integrating genomic and healthcare exposure data to track nosocomial transmission in real-time and evaluated it on a regional outbreak in Michigan. Passively collected isolates may inform interventions to stop spread.

Here, the authors conduct a metagenomic-based study of England’s rivers to show that biofilm bacteria are taxonomically and functionally diverse and are key to biogeochemical cycling, highlighting the importance of river biofilm bacteria in understanding and monitoring freshwater ecosystem health.

Mower, Wan et al. introduce ROS-LLM, an open-source system that lets non-experts control robots with natural language, learn new skills from demonstrations and feedback, and automatically tune actions for reliable performance in real-world tasks.

Divergent white matter metabolic patterns reveal a mechanistic basis for cognitive resilience and enhance prediction of future cognitive decline beyond established aging and dementia biomarkers.

The retina offers a window into systemic health, but its molecular links to cardiometabolic disease remain unclear. Here, the authors show that metabolomic profiling on retinal nerve fibre layer combined with machine learning reveals shared metabolic states that predict cardiometabolic risk and bridge health inequities.

Doublet microtubule-associated proteins assemble sperm flagella. Here, the authors use genetic knockout mice show that TEKT1 and TSSK6 are critical for sperm motility and integrity, while TEKT5 and DUSP21 have minor roles, revealing their divergent functions

N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is an N⁴‐acetylcytidine (ac⁴C) writer, which catalyzes RNA acetylation at cytidine N⁴ position on RNAs. Here, the authors show that NAT10 catalyzes ac⁴C addition to a long non-coding RNA encoded by the oncogenic DNA virus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), triggering viral lytic reactivation from latency, which promotes NAT10 recruitment of IFI16 mRNA, resulting in inflammasome activation.

Hodgson, Huang, Lang et al. show that TDP-43 limits ribonucleoprotein particle condensation into paraspeckles in a concentration- and polymerization-dependent manner. They also link paraspeckle condensation to stress response and neuroprotection.

The authors from the ALICE collaboration identify multiple species of mesons and baryons and measure the anisotropic flow with non-flow removal techniques in pp and p-Pb collisions at the LHC, identifying the hallmark of quark flow associated with an expanding quark-gluon plasma.

A phase 1 study demonstrates proof-of-concept of liver-targeted PCSK9 base editing for familial hypercholesterolemia, but turning this into a transformative therapy will require stringent optimization of editing efficiency, safety, patient selection and trial design.

Eggplant is a globally widely cultivated vegetable. Here, the authors report the construction of pangenome based on 11 new and six existing chromosome-scale genomes assemblies, perform population genomic analyses of 226 accessions, and reveal structural variations associated with fruit color and bacterial wilt resistance.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

This scoping review examines previous experience in performing silent evaluations of clinical AI applications, collecting evidence from 75 studies on implementation features and the sociotechnical context.

Data provided by Amazonian peoples are used to estimate the value of wild animals as a source of food, including its spatial distribution and nutritional value, providing information that will be key for improved management of forest ecosystems in the region.

Sex dimorphism in the incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported. Here the authors show that, in males, androgen promotes regulatory T cell recruitment to impair γδ T cell antitumor immunity, implying that a Treg/S100a4/γδ T cell axis controls sex differences in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Here, the authors develop an integrated mass spectrometry-based strategy that allows metabolic biomarker discovery based on nanoliter-scale biofluids in seconds. Biomarkers of diabetic cataracts are detected in trace ocular fluids with high diagnostic performance revealed to have and anti-cataract activity.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is approved for the treatment of transfusion-dependent thalassemia but remains limited to the use of matched sibling donors. In this multi-centre, phase-4 prospective clinical trial, the authors evaluate the use of alloHSCT with matched unrelated donors and haploidentical relatives.

A global synthesis of >600 studies finds that across agro-ecosystems, grasslands and forests in temperate and tropical zones, increasing plant diversity has a consistently positive effect on plant performance and the suppression of antagonists.

This study shows that acidification increases substrate affinity in ammonia-oxidizing microbes, partly offsetting reduced ammonia availability. Stronger responses in archaea than bacteria explain contrasting ecosystem reactions.

In the phase 1/2 TRIDENT-1 trial, treatment of patients with NTRK fusion–positive advanced solid tumors with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor repotrectinib—selective for ROS1, TRKA−C and ALK—was safe and resulted in durable systemic and intracranial clinical response.

The contribution of ether lipid species in cancer cell fate has not been fully understood yet. Here the authors show that malignant cancer cells employ ether lipids to modulate membrane biophysical properties, enhancing iron endocytosis and ferroptosis susceptibility.

Rancid odors trigger retching and aversion. Here, authors show a nose-to-brain axis whereby such odors activate olfactory-piriform circuits that diverge to mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens to mediate retching-like behavior and aversion.

Engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies neutralize and entrap viruses to enhance mucosal immunity, preventing influenza infection and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Silicon anodes promise much higher battery capacity but are limited by poor storage life. This work identifies key ageing mechanisms and suggests ways to improve long-term stability.

Langstein-Skora, Schmid, Huth et al. propose that intrinsically disordered region functionality can be driven by the interplay between linear binding motifs and contextual chemical characteristics such as charge and hydrophobicity.

To fully realize LLMs’ potential value in clinical applications, effective methods to enhance their quality and credibility are required. Here, the authors present LINS, a framework to enhance medical LLM responses by integrating up-to-date evidence and supporting clinical tasks, and validate it through new physician-curated datasets and large-scale user trials.

Application of multiancestry and ensemble-based approaches yields improved polygenic risk prediction models for breast cancer and its subtypes among women of African ancestry.

Genetic variants of TREX1, a negative regulator of type I interferon responses, have been linked previously to non-monogenic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here the authors analyze UK Biobank multi-omics data to show that, while a derived oligoprotein interferon signature associates with increased SLE risk, TREX1 variants do not.

Photosynthesis reaction centre barrel proteins are important components of the FtsZ-based cell division apparatus in Haloferax volcanii and other archaea.

Yang et al. apply high-throughput structure probing approaches to characterize the secondary structure throughout the SARS-CoV-2 WT and VOC genomes, uncovering an ultra-long-range RNA-RNA interaction that directly binds ADAR1 to promote viral fitness.

Compact MXene fibers with near-gigapascal strength are continuously fabricated by radial confinement and axial stretching under room temperature. Large-area textiles made from the fibers show superior electromagnetic interference shielding capacity.