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This study shows that acidification increases substrate affinity in ammonia-oxidizing microbes, partly offsetting reduced ammonia availability. Stronger responses in archaea than bacteria explain contrasting ecosystem reactions.

This work develops an atomic-level coordination engineering strategy that strengthens key intermediate adsorption to promote C–C coupling, enabling highly selective photocatalytic CO₂ conversion to ethylene.

Plastic foams are widely used across industry, but petroleum-based materials are unfavorable. Here the authors report a cellulose-based molecular foam for thermal management as an environmentally friendly alternative.

The efficacy of radiotherapy is sometimes hindered by the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Chen et al. develop an injectable hydrogel encapsulating IL-12/aCTLA-4 co-engineered red blood cells, thereby alleviating hypoxia-induced radioresistance and sequentially releasing aCTLA-4/IL-12 to relieve tumor immunosuppression.

Phage therapy is an alternative treatment against biofilm-associated infections. In this case report, phage-antibiotic therapy was used to treat a vascular graft infection caused by a refractory fluoroquinolone non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

This study applies generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and advanced transcriptome wide association study (TWAS) methods to improve the discovery of colorectal cancer risk transcription factors and genes, including potential druggable targets.

NIID is a neurodegenerative disease caused by GGC repeat expansions within NOTCH2NLC gene. Here, authors develop a precise gene-editing therapy that effectively treats the disease in multiple models.

Achieving both high toughness and degradability in mechanophore containing polymer networks is a challenge. Here, the authors incorporated non-scissile cyclobutane-fused tetrahydrofuran mechanophores into end-linked polymer networks to enhance their toughness and degradability through mechanically triggered cycloreversion reactions.

Staphylococcus aureus can aggregate within human synovial fluid and lead to joint infections. Here, the authors reveal that the fatty acid kinase system and its downstream saeRS regulator control S. aureus aggregation within synovial fluid.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Researchers repurpose Prussian Blue and Vitamin C to treat dangerously high potassium levels in mice. This approach safely traps potassium without releasing harmful sodium, offering an potential option for heart and kidney patients.

Stone tools illustrate behavioural complexities in Middle Pleistocene hominin populations. Here, the authors present small dimensional flakes and hafted tools from Xigou, central China, dated to ~160–72 thousand years ago that demonstrate early, complex technological advancements.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are known to contribute to the pathology of allergic asthma but the molecular mechanism by which they are getting activated are not fully known. Here authors show that the mTORC1 pathway, partly via neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1), plays a pivotal role in ILC2 cell activation, and that inhibition of this signalling alleviates allergic asthma in mice.

Brainstem gliomas are an aggressive form of paediatric cancer. Here, the authors use metabolomics to assess differences in metabolites during radiotherapy.

In patients with metastatic osteosarcoma who have progressed on first-line chemotherapy, the prognosis is poor. Here, the authors report a phase II randomized clinical trial comparing the combination of apatinib (multi tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and chemotherapy (ifosfamide and etoposide) against chemotherapy alone in patients with relapsed or refractory metastatic osteosarcoma.

The authors conducted a genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder (BD) in Han Chinese and integrated PGC4 East Asian and European datasets, discovering 23 novel loci, prioritizing 39 credible risk genes and implicating BD-related cell types and druggable targets.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

PARP inhibitors are effective in cancer patients with BRCA1 mutations but whether this can extend to BRCA1 wildtype patients by targeting BRCA1 transcriptional regulation is unclear. Here, in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer, the authors identify OFD1 as a transcriptional regulator of BRCA1 via the DREAM complex and as a potential therapeutic target in combination with PARP inhibition.

Ethanol steam reforming (ESR) promises green H₂, but tangled networks hide controlling intermediates. In-situ SVUV-PI-MBMS with DFT/microkinetics on Ni/La₂O₃ pinpoints vinyloxy (CH₂CHO), not acetyl, as the chain carrier, steering most flux and redefining ESR mechanisms.

The mechanisms underlying immunerelated adverse events (irAEs) following the combination of chemoradiotherapy with immunotherapy remain to be characterized. Here, single cell multi-omics and spatial transcriptomics on locally advanced cervical cancer patients identifies distinct effects on different immune cells associated with irAEs.

A new architecture based on high-valence sulfur/sulfur tetrachloride cathode chemistry is described for manufacturing high-voltage anode-free sodium–sulfur batteries, demonstrating promise for applications in grid energy storage and wearable electronics.

PIK3CA mutations often co-occur with known oncogenic drivers in lung cancer, raising questions about their function. Here, the authors show that PIK3CA mutant promotes cachexia progression in EGFR-mutant lung cancer via NF-κB activation, which can be alleviated by combined aspirin treatment.

Catalyst-free conversion of methane and carbon dioxide using light of various wavelengths under ambient conditions is reported.

Eleutheroside E is a natural compound that protects hearing from cisplatin damage, working by suppressing the MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and pyroptosis. The antitumor efficacy of cisplatin was not reduced under the presented experiment condition.

Xue et al. develop a foundation model for spectral analysis. It excels in multiple tasks, such as denoising spectra and quantifying trace molecules, and is especially promising in identifying metabolic biomarkers of diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and prostate cancer.

Thermomechanical pressing and immediate quenching of electro spun nanofibers produces transparent, poling-free piezoelectric films with nearly doubled piezoelectric output and significantly improved mechanical strength.

DNA computing has emerged as a transformative approach for molecular decision-making but is limited in interpretability and scalability. Here, the authors develop a DNA-based decision tree computing system for interpretable, scalable, and memory-efficient decision-making at the molecular level.

This study reveals stage-dependent cognitive network dedifferentiation in early psychosis, with increasing inter-domain correlations from healthy controls to clinical high risk to first-episode schizophrenia, linked to reduced general intelligence.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common cause of female infertility linked to metabolic and hormonal imbalances. Here, the authors show that androgen driven SLC1A5 upregulation increases glutamine uptake, leading to abnormal follicular development in PCOS via histone deacetylation.

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are much more likely to produce viable metastasis than single CTCs. Here the authors find that the transmembrane protein Plexin-B2 (PLXNB2) mediates homotypic and heterotypic CTC cluster formation, driving lung metastasis in breast cancer mouse models.

Primary biliary cholangitis is a rare, chronic immune-mediated liver disease triggered by environmental exposures in genetically susceptible individuals. Here, the authors investigate the functional mechanism underlying the association of 19p13.3 variants with primary biliary cholangitis.

Wearable data from 7,013 participants in the All of Us Research Program show that park accessibility across 53 US cities is positively associated with daily step counts, providing a mechanism for how urban green space can improve health.

Here the authors describe an acidic pH-responsive high-valence bismuth(V)-based nanoplatform that promotes exogenous excitation-free and endogenous H₂O₂- and O₂-independent ROS generation, eliciting cancer cell death and anti-tumor immune responses.

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) emerge as crucial players in biological processes but their disease relevance is unknow. Here, the authors show that tsRNA-Glu-CTC is the most abundant hepatic tsRNA that plays a key role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis development.

A synthetic biology approach was used to engineer Vibrio natriegens into a strain capable of bioremediating complex organic pollutants in saline wastewater and soils, thereby addressing notable threats to marine biosecurity.

A South China Sea expedition in 2021 identified a 3.5-km-deep site close to the Equator for a next-generation neutrino telescope: TRIDENT. A large array of advanced detectors will be arrayed on the seabed to probe fundamental physics and explore the extreme Universe.

X. Du, W. Li, G. Li, C. Guo et al. report that dietary galactose regulates the cellular crosstalk between hepatocytes and CD8⁺ T cells via IGFBP-1 production and IGF-1 signalling, thereby modulating T cell exhaustion and antitumour immunity.

The development of artificial vision for blind people has been a long-standing endeavour. Tang et al. create a wearable multimodal visual assistance system with a human-centred design, blending software and hardware innovations to enhance usability.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.