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Alternative splicing greatly expands the transcriptomic and proteomic diversity in vertebrates. Here, the authors develop a machine-learning tool to identify functional splicing events during hematopoietic cell differentiation, revealing new regulators of hematopoiesis.

BUC-95’s unique stretchable structure overcomes the inherent electron transfer limitations from Fe sites to peroxydisulfate and achieves the formation of Fe(IV) = O species, enhancing the ofloxacin degradation performance.

This study applies generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and advanced transcriptome wide association study (TWAS) methods to improve the discovery of colorectal cancer risk transcription factors and genes, including potential druggable targets.

Fast reendothelialisation of vascular grafts is important for maintain patency. Here, the authors report on a vascular graft that regenerates the neo-adventitia with lymphatic endothelial cells, which increases the recruitment of circulatory progenitor cells, achieving 90% patency in small-diameter arterial grafts.

This study identifies regions and features of three stages of plateau evolution in the present-day Tibetan Plateau, based on structural features of intra-crustal low-velocity zones, depth of the crust-mantle boundary and surface topography.

Zhang, Huang, Wang, Long et al. report that NAT10 enhances serine uptake and biosynthesis in an ac4C-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting stemness and progression in acute myeloid leukaemia.

The role of protein UFMylation in cancer remains to be understood. Here the authors show that UFM1-specific ligase 1 and AKT positively regulate each other through UFMylation and phosphorylation in breast cancer cells, which could be therapeutically targeted by a cell-penetrating peptide through disrupting UFL1-AKT interaction.

Rosiglitazone, identified through integrative network-based drug repurposing and Mendelian randomization, alleviates age-related sarcopenia in mice. It enhances muscle strength and mass, possibly through gut microbiota remodeling, activation of Igf1 signaling, and inhibition of muscle atrophy–related ubiquitin ligases.

Previous clinical studies suggested that Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein 7 (IGFBP7) is elevated in early stages of diabetes. Here authors showed tubule and glomerular-specific IGFBP7 promotes diabetic kidney disease.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies neutralize and entrap viruses to enhance mucosal immunity, preventing influenza infection and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Bronchiectasis and asthma can co-exist in the same patient, and the characteristics may be different from bronchiectasis alone. Here the authors characterise the function of ILC3 cells and how IL-17C potentiates IL-17A expression promoting a neutrophil dominated asthma endotype in mouse bronchiectasis-asthma models.

Colonic smooth muscle cell (CSMC) hypertrophy and hyperplasia have been described in human ulcerative colitis (UC) and animal models. Here the authors show that mice lacking smooth muscle (SM) 22a develop spontaneous colitis which has RSAD2-driven mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in CSMC and show dependence on RSAD2 for colitis alleviation.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Here, Xiao et al. isolate a large panel of antibodies against human metapneumovirus fusion protein from human B cells, and characterize their epitopes, neutralization activities, and antigen binding specificity, providing a useful framework for understanding the immune response against hMPV.

The authors identify 92 tick-associated viruses, including ten pathogenic to humans in northwest China and adjacent countries. They predict a significant increase of major pathogenic viruses and their vectors in high-risk regions.

Current lithium-ion batteries still rely heavily on nickel (Ni), whose growing demand raises serious economic and environmental concerns. This work now presents a cathode that delivers longer cycle life than high-Ni chemistry while substantially reducing Ni use.

In an effort to deorphanize G-protein-coupled receptors, a photo-cross-linking platform was established to capture ligands from complex samples. Little-LEN was identified as a ligand for GPR50, which coordinately regulates body metabolism.

A portable and affordable sensor based on iminodiacetic acid-modified nanopores can effectively detect a wide array of divalent metal ions, even within complex natural water environments.

Precisely controlling structural colours in polymeric materials remains a major challenge. Here, the authors develop a colour design model, enabling inverse design of structural colours in bottlebrush block copolymers.

The structure of layered oxides dictates their properties as positive electrodes in sodium-ion batteries, but its rational design remains challenging. Here, authors employ electronegativity and configurational entropy as a design descriptor to guide the synthesis of a sodium-deficient layered oxide with an O3 stacking sequence, rendering good thermal and air stability.

Numerical modeling combined with a global rock database shows that the Fe³⁺/ΣFe ratio in MORB mantle sources has doubled since the early Archean, suggesting a potential link between mantle redox evolution and Earth’s tectonic activity.

Noise-induced hearing loss is commonly attributed to direct damage to sensory hair cells. Here, the authors reveal that non-sensory supporting cells play a critical role in the damage through Gasdermin D-mediated exacerbation of hair cell oxidative stress.

Toxic metal contamination in water represents one of the most urgent yet underrecognized threats to public health and the environment. Now, a functionalized nanopore capable of simultaneously detecting ten divalent metal ions in water offers a transformative tool for environmental monitoring and public health protection.

The mechanisms underlying the improved survival in HPV-positive penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) compared to HPV-negative counterparts remain to be explored. Here, single-cell sequencing highlights the role of the B cell-IgA-PIGR axis in enhancing antitumor immunity and improving clinical outcomes in HPV-positive PSCC.

Asparagales is the largest monocot order. Here, the authors produce the phylogeny of Asparagales with transcriptomic data from 455 species and investigate the evolution of genes involved with allium flavor biosynthesis.

This study elucidates nanoscopic strain evolution in single-crystal Ni-rich positive electrodes, demonstrating that mechanical failure results from lattice distortions, and redefines the roles of cobalt and manganese in battery cycling stability.

Developing efficient non-precious catalysts is key to advancing water electrolysis. Here, the authors report a microbial vulcanization strategy that co-dopes cobalt hydroxide with sulfur and organic molecules to optimize O–O coupling and accelerate the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.

One of the main limitations of valleytronics is the backscattering-induced depolarization. Here, by engineering the valley Dirac masses in momentum and real spaces, authors theoretically and experimentally demonstrate chiral valley edge states with backscattering-free propagation and polarized valleys.

Overcoming the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial to improving the efficacy of cancer therapy. Here the authors show that, in mouse cancer models, administration of exogenous IL-16 establishes a Th1-dominant TME via regulation of glutamine catabolism and triggers a Th1 cell-macrophage crosstalk, enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses from a population of 295 diverse sweet-corn inbred lines provide insights into kernel quality formation mechanisms and the divergence of sweet corn and field corn.

Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China. Here, the authors present results from a large sentinel surveillance scheme from 217 hospitals in all 31 provinces in mainland China, including ~150,000 patients with acute diarrhoea and covering years 2009-2018.

China operates a national surveillance program for acute respiratory infections and sampled over 200,000 patients between 2009–2019. Here, the authors present results from this program and describe patterns by age, pathogen type, presence of pneumonia, and season.

Precisely constructing homochiral helical nanostructures from achiral molecules by non-covalent interactions is challenging due to the untraceable handedness control at different hierarchical levels. Here, the authors present an aurophilicity-assisted orthogonal assembly strategy for the homochiral assembly of an achiral carbene-anchored trinuclear gold cluster with chiral amines.

Skeletal muscle is central to whole-body energy balance. Here, Yang et al. show that MLL4-dependent enhancer activation is a key regulatory node for the governance of muscle metabolic efficiency and systemic metabolism via the control of muscle AMPK.

Energy transfer photocatalysis typically requires expensive metal complexes or specific synthetic photosensitizers with particular triplet energies. Nitroarenes now emerge as powerful, sustainable alternatives, with their catalytic efficiency governed by excited-state geometry rather than only by energy matching, enabling efficient alkene isomerizations and cycloadditions.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

This study reports that the gene SMPED1, located in a previously identified dichogamy-determining region in Alpinia species, controls the timing of sex-organ synchrony, improving our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of plant sexual diversity.

Alternative splicing (AS) is a source of transcriptomic heterogeneity, but analysing splicing changes at single-cell level is challenging due to dropout, noise, and limited coverage in scRNA-seq. Here, the authors propose SCSES, a tool to identify AS events and estimate splicing intensity at single-cell resolution. SCSES reveals high splicing heterogeneity beyond conventional expression-based clustering.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.