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Chronic inflammation and impaired immune tolerance are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease. Here, the authors report on Treg and platelet fused exosomes for targeted delivery of attached MMP cleavable IL-23 antibodies for immune modulation to prevent IBD progression.

ATF6α activation in human and preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly associated with an aggressive tumour phenotype characterized by reduced survival, glycolytic reprogramming and local immunosuppression.

Zhang, Han, Tan, Lu, Ma et al. report that kynurenine derived from peritumoural adipose tissue is hijacked by cancer cells to mediate ferroptosis resistance, a process that could potentially be targeted with immunotherapy to inhibit tumour growth.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

SnRK1β1A in rice promotes susceptibility to multiple fungal diseases, and disrupting this infection-inducible gene confers broad-spectrum resistance without compromising growth or yield under normal field conditions.

An in situ epitaxial method can be used to grow thin films of antimony trioxide directly on two-dimensional semiconductors, such as tungsten diselenide, creating transfer-free dielectric gate stacks.

Intestinal epithelium is continuously exposed to osmotic changes. Here, the authors show that this volume-regulated anion channel, a key osmo-sensitive ion channel, protects against colitis by balancing nutrient absorption and antimicrobial defense.

Meeting global temperature targets requires deep mitigation across sectors. Moving away from cost optimality when allocating mitigation by sector, the authors link integrated assessment models and portfolio analysis to identify and balance trade-offs between Sustainable Development Goal indicators.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

In 2025, global annual drought affected ~30% of the global land surface. Near-record warming substantially increased evaporative demand, triggering widespread meteorological and soil moisture drought, even in regions where precipitation deficits were relatively intermediate.

A clinical trial testing whether monitoring ctDNA clearance during treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer could be used to inform decisions about an individual’s subsequent therapeutic programme shows promising results.

An assessment framework is developed and applied to the USA, quantifying low rates of current manure recycling and showing that improved manure management and technological development could supply crops with nitrogen equivalent to as much as a quarter of current synthetic N fertilizer use.

Post-translational redox modification of protein cysteine residues has emerged as a mode of immune cell regulation. Now, a deep redox proteomics study identifies redox-regulated and druggable cysteines in immunological proteins.

An oxidative activation strategy using pyridyl phosphonium salts and potassium persulfate is reported. This approach, which governs the reaction pathway, enables the synthesis of C4-fluorinated and C4-trifluoromethylaminated pyridines with a broad functional group tolerance and is used for the late-stage synthesis and modification of bioactive molecules.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

CircPBX1 alleviates metabolic memory-associated erectile dysfunction in diabetic rats by sponging miR-195-5p, restoring YAP1/VEGF signaling and endothelial angiogenic function, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for DMED.

By forming an electron reservoir in the centre of a gallium nitride nanowire p–n diode, a single two-terminal device can be created that offers sensing, memory and synaptic functionalities, and arrays of such devices can be used to denoise and identify optical images.

Wang et al. show that promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) reduces polyG inclusions via chaperone-mediated disaggregation and proteasome-dependent degradation. This suggests a possible role for PML in various neurodegenerative diseases.

Cultivated banana is threatened by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4). In this study, the authors assemble the genome of Musa cheesmanii, a wild banana species that is highly resistant to TR4, and use it in crossbreeding with two cultivars to enhance disease resistance.

Machine learning was used to screen a library of diverse lipids on the basis of their spatial conformation and identify an LNP formulation that enabled organ-targeted mRNA delivery and tumour suppression. The work highlights the critical role of ionizable lipid conformation in LNP engineering.

Dong and colleagues report that blockade of T cell-expressed cytotoxic and regulatory T cell molecule results in selective mitigation of immune-related toxicities without affecting antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Strong paramagnetism is generated in hydrogels rich in carbon–oxygen double bonds simply by coupling with diamagnetic Ca cations. These paramagnetic hydrogels are applied as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and magnetic drug carriers.

Determining the optimal start of the growing season presents a fundamental dilemma for plants. This meta-analysis suggests that plants exhibit high freezing resistance (to -12 °C) and low lethal frost risk (safety margin of 17 °C) during spring emergence, indicating strong long-term evolutionary pressure.

In patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC), resistance to the standard-of-care induction chemotherapy often occurs. Here, using longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic profiling of HPSCC samples from patients receiving induction chemotherapy, the authors identify a ZNF683-high natural killer (NK) cell population as a predictor of chemotherapy response.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

Elucidation of fundamental pancreatic-targeted mechanisms enables the development of lipid nanoparticles for the precise delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics to the pancreas, highlighting their promising potential in the treatment of pancreatic diseases.

Photons carrying orbital angular momentum inherit chirality from their twisted wavefront. Here, authors propose a twisted bilayer photonic structure - consisting of semiconductor membrane metasurfaces - where helical wavefronts are combined with non-Hermitian coupling, yielding orbital chiral lasing at telecom wavelengths.

Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) was identified as a synthetic-lethal target in p53-deficient cancers through alterations in double-stranded RNA accumulation. A covalent small-molecule inhibitor of TDG exhibited potent efficacy against p53-deficient tumors.

Functionalization of ZnTeSe quantum dots via ordering arrangement and energy-level modulation enables deep-blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes with a peak external quantum efficiency of 23.6% and a half-lifetime exceeding 50,000 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m⁻².

Sclerostin impairs whole-body lipidandglucosemetabolism. Here, the authors further demonstrate that adipocytic sclerostin loop3-LRP4 interactionparticipatesin the impairment effect of sclerostin on whole-body lipid and glucose metabolism.