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The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Measurements of the inelastic cross section of anti-³He allow the estimation of the transparency of the Milky Way to the propagation of these light antinuclei produced in either cosmic-ray collisions or annihilation of dark-matter particles.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Micromitophagy is found to occur in plant male germline cells, mediated by ATG5–HSP90.2 signalling, and is evolutionarily conserved in angiosperms. This mechanism underpins paternal mitochondrial elimination and supports the zygote-to-embryo transition.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

This study surveyed key informants across 26 countries on burning plastic for waste management and energy needs. It finds high awareness of this practice, with potential drivers including inadequate waste collection and a lack of affordable fuels.

Anti-tumor functions of low-avidity T cells are often suboptimal. Here the authors show that genetic disruption of TIGIT in TCR-engineered T cells enhances their anti-tumor activity against pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers by increasing TCR signal strength.

Demand-side food policies show small average effects, with effectiveness varying across intervention types. Targeted strategies and a better understanding of how context and population influence outcomes can advance food system sustainability.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

The microbial metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), the precursor of TMAO, which is associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, is shown to have beneficial metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects in the host in the context of obesity.

The choroid plexus is a vital brain ventricular organ that produces cerebrospinal fluid. This study shows how developmental origins and local niches shape the specialization of choroid plexus macrophages, a key first line of immune defense for the brain.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

The authors combine light intensity data with eddy covariance observations from 86 sites to show that artificial light at night increases ecosystem respiration and alters carbon exchange, with impacts shaped by diel cycles and seasonal dynamics.

Colorectal cancer is often diagnosed at later stages, leading to poor prognosis. Here, the authors utilise analysis of rectal mucus specimens using host and microbial analysis to detect cancer lesions.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

Chromosome ends must be protected from fusion by NHEJ despite Ku binding to telomeres. Here, the authors show that at telomeres yeast Rap1 inhibits Ku’s translocation on DNA, preventing NHEJ and protecting telomeres without displacing Ku.

Here the authors show how the DNA-sensing cGAS–STING pathway activates NF-κB and inflammatory gene expression with delayed kinetics via post-Golgi endolysosomal signaling.

X-ray observations of two large glitches bracketing a fast radio burst in the active Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 reveal a connection between rapid spin change and radiative behaviours of the magnetar.

Deep X-ray limits are placed on the source of the closest fast radio burst, FRB 20200120E, ruling out an ultraluminous X-ray source or a young extragalactic pulsar embedded in a Crab-like nebula as its origin.

A patterning method using gallium-based engineered sacrificial capillary pumps for evacuation is described for generating structures in soft natural hydrogels across several length scales and enabling a wide range of tissue architectures to be fabricated.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

Here, the authors discuss how to implement quality-focused dietary strategies for patients with chronic kidney disease. They discuss the principles of dietary balance, variety and moderation, food processing and cooking methods and approaches to enabling successful implementation of quality-focused dietary strategies.

Four receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) phosphorylate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RopGEFs), filling a critical gap in the signalling pathway connecting cell surface auxin and RHO GTPases (ROPs) in Arabidopsis.

Here, authors study boulders’ fractures on S-type asteroid, Dimorphos, and show that their size-frequency distribution and orientation are consistent with formation through thermal fatigue. Such fractures seem to propagate horizontally much faster (~kyr) than normal to the boulder’s surface (~Myr).

Yücel et al. examine how skin and hair characteristics impact functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signal quality and provide recommendations for inclusive use of fNIRS.

Freezing of gait (FOG) is among the most debilitating symptoms of Parkinson disease. This Consensus Statement from the International Consortium for Freezing of Gait presents new guidelines for the definition and assessment of FOG, with the aim of harmonizing the study and management of the condition.

Modelling the tumour immune microenvironment in vitro is a valuable tool to test immunotherapy efficiency but capturing its complexity is challenging. Here authors present a fully humanised in vitro platform representing tumour/stroma interface and demonstrate how modulation by IL2 may allow immune cells to overcome stromal barriers.

CRISPR-based genome editing therapeutics are entering the clinic, but in vitro and in vivo tools are needed to assess their safety and efficacy. The authors review complementary technologies to monitor the biological effects of genome editing across scales, including the direct measurement of editing outcomes in DNA, human microphysiological systems and non-invasive in vivo imaging.

A study of 36 massive galaxies at redshifts between 5 and 9 from the JWST FRESCO survey finds that galaxy formation of the most massive galaxies is 2–3 times higher than the most efficient galaxies at later epochs.

High-resolution hydrodynamic-sediment modeling shows that sediment deposition in Amazonian floodplains is driven by three factors instead of inundation only. Deforestation will reduce the floodplains’ capability to trap sediment over time.

FRB 20221022A, detected by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst project, shows a pronounced change in polarization during the burst, providing important clues into the nature of the source.

LaccID, an engineered laccase, enables hydrogen-peroxide-free proximity labeling and electron microscopy (EM) in mammalian cells. Notably, LaccID is selectively active at the cell surface, enabling the mapping of the dynamic T cell–tumor surfaceome and its use as a genetically encodable EM tag, expanding the toolkit for cell-based imaging and proteomics.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

In the first results from an ongoing global cancer screening data repository, screening program organization was better overall in Europe compared to other continents; however, there were substantial gaps in implementation across both high- and low-resource settings.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems employ photoswitchable molecules that absorb sunlight and store energy through reversible isomerization, cyclization or other intramolecular rearrangements. Here, the authors introduce a micellar solar thermal energy storage (MIST) system, utilizing micellar aggregates based on azobenzene-functionalized dipeptide amphiphiles to achieve extended energy storage durations, offering water-compatible formulations and improved processability for sustainable energy applications.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

T helper 17 (T_H17) cells can have both pro-tumour and antitumour effects. Understanding how they are regulated by environmental and regulatory cues according to context will inform strategies to harness their activity for the development of next-generation cancer immunotherapies.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

A couple-close approach used to build semisaturated ring systems from dual radical precursors allows sampling of regions of underexplored chemical space, leading to an annulation that can be used for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical scaffolds.

Temperature extremes increase energy use and reliance on the services that energy provides, which can increase energy insecurity and the associated risks of harm. This study examines energy use of Indigenous communities in remote Australia and finds increased disconnection rates for prepayment-meter users during temperature extremes.

Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission’s impact on asteroid Dimorphos has led to various impact related features. Here, the authors show that those features result naturally from the dynamical interaction of the ejecta with the binary system and solar radiation pressure.