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Modern neutrino experiments require precise tuning of energy response parameters, a task complicated by the parameters’ nonlinear behavior and strong correlations. The authors present neural density estimators using normalizing flows and transformers integrating them with Bayesian nested sampling to achieve near-zero systematic biases and uncertainties limited only by statistics, offering a flexible framework for particle physics applications

Superconducting-qubit quantum annealers have served as platforms for simulating condensed-matter phenomena. Sathe et al. use a quantum annealer to probe critical phenomena in classical magnets by reliably sampling thermal distributions, revealing universal signatures of phase transitions without classical slowdowns.

Positrons readily forms bound states with ordinary molecular matter. Here, we demonstrate that the recently developed neural network variational Monte Carlo method is extremely well suited to describing these bound states, which is often challenging for traditional quantum chemistry methods.

Deep neural networks can learn and represent nearly exact electronic ground states. Here, the authors advance this approach to excited states, achieving high accuracy across a range of atoms and molecules, opening up the possibility to model many excited-state processes.

As quantum simulations advance, improving classical methods for modelling quantum systems remains crucial as they provide key benchmarks for quantum simulators. Here the authors present a scalable tensor-network algorithm for simulating open quantum systems, addressing key limitations of existing approaches.

Non-Annex I countries—mostly developing countries under the UN climate framework—excluding China accounted for approximately 61% of hydrofluorocarbon emission growth during 2011–2020, while China’s emissions have been overestimated since 2017, according to atmospheric observational data and inverse modelling.

The Arctic–boreal fire regime is greatly affected by biophysical and biological feedbacks from permafrost degradation, according to long-term observations of soil active layer thickness from 1997 to 2018 and causal inference modelling.

Man-made ammonia emissions have harmful effects on human health and ecosystems, yet global mitigation strategies remain underexploited. A study now finds that emissions could be halved cost-effectively by 2050 through targeted and prioritized measures, with benefits far outweighing costs.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Although our nearest neighbour, the Andromeda galaxy, is falling towards us, slightly more distant galaxies all move away with the cosmic expansion because they are being pulled by a giant dark matter sheet.

Many biological systems appear to organize their dynamics close to a critical point. Now it is shown that the protein array mediating Escherichia coli chemosensing is near-critical, enabling large signal amplification without compromising response speeds.

Oceans provide essential ecosystem services to human society, yet the climate impacts on blue capital have long been ignored. Incorporating the latest works on ocean science and economics, researchers show that accounting for the potential damage would almost double the social cost of carbon estimation.

A soft robotic probe enables continuous in utero monitoring of fetal physiological parameters, including heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, temperature and electrocardiogram data, during open or fetoscopic surgery to provide real-time information on fetal condition and distress.

The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines.

In young, estrogen-deprived female mice, the authors show that daily low-intensity vibration protected bone, muscle and fat metabolism. This treatment also enhanced bisphosphonate outcomes, strengthening the skeleton to counter adverse effects of cancer therapy on musculoskeletal tissue.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Phylodynamic modelling shows how the changing antibiotic landscape and genetic determinants of resistance shape real-world gonococcal dynamics. Experiments validated that determinants with identical resistance phenotype differed in impact on fitness.

Identifying low-cost options for a healthy diet is an essential step towards allowing all people to meet their nutritional needs. This study measures the frontiers of the lowest available cost and greenhouse gas emissions for a healthy diet in 171 countries, as well as healthy diets reflecting consumption patterns in each country.

Active galactic nuclei are surrounded by a dusty and molecular disk that fuels supermassive black holes and connects them to their host galaxies. Here, the authors show with JWST interferometric observations that most of the dust in the Circinus galaxies lies in a compact disk, while only a tiny fraction traces hot outflowing material.

A nine-year transit-timing campaign has measured the extremely low masses and densities of four large planets orbiting the young star V1298 Tau, which are now predicted to contract and form a typical compact super-Earth and sub-Neptune system.

Based on two waves of data collection from 748 households in Hong Kong, this analysis sheds light on the number of transmission events that occurred before manifestation of symptoms in influenza A and B cases.

Kinematic measurements of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveal two drivers of gas motions: a small-scale driver in the inner core associated with black-hole feedback and a large-scale driver in the outer core powered by mergers.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

Benchmarking greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants is an essential step in developing mitigation strategies. This is now achieved for the USA by modelling over 15,000 facilities using Monte Carlo simulations to obtain a national baseline.

Natural systems often exhibit complex self-assembled mesophases driven by intricate enthalpic interactions, as seen in block copolymers and surfactants. Using Monte Carlo simulations authors reveal that even simple achiral hard particles can form diverse mesophases, including chiral structures, hexagonal columnar, gyroid and lamellar phases, driven purely by geometric frustration arising from particle shape.

Instabilities in chiral plasmas can amplify electromagnetic waves, raising the question of whether chiral solids behave similarly. Now a magneto-chiral instability is demonstrated in tellurium, observed as growing terahertz emission after photoexcitation.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing autologous mRNA-engineered BCMA-targeting CAR T cell therapy versus placebo in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis, a significantly higher percentage of patients exhibited a reduction in disease activity in the treatment arm than in the placebo arm.

Investigating crystalline materials often requires calculations for many variations of a system, substantially increasing the computational burden. By training a transferable neural wavefunction across these variations, the cost can be reduced by approximately 50-fold for systems such as graphene and lithium hydride.

pH is a critical regulator of (bio)chemical processes and therefore tightly regulated in nature. Now, proteins have been shown to possess the functionality to drive pH gradients without requiring energy input or membrane enclosure but through condensation. Protein condensates can drive unique pH gradients that modulate biochemical activity in both living and artificial systems.

Understanding the architectural principles shape human brain networks is a major challenge for systems neuroscience. Here, authors show embryogenic age is associated with functional and structural brain architecture and that embryonic age gradients are associated with genes related to nervous system development and vulnerability to neurological disorders.

Particle therapy is subject to uncertainties in the range of the beam. In this study, tumours in the necks of mice were treated with radioactive ion beams, which enabled real-time verification of the beam range.

The detection of forsterite and enstatite emissions in EC 53 during accretion bursts marks one of the first pieces of direct evidence of in situ silicate crystallization in young stars.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is predicted to slow with climate change. Sea surface temperature data and climate model analysis show that since 1900 natural variability has been dominant in AMOC changes; anthropogenic forcing is not yet reliably detectable by this method.

This study introduces a sediment-based method to reconstruct Antarctic fast-ice change during the late Holocene, revealing cyclic patterns linked to solar variability and offering insight into long-term cryosphere climate dynamics.

There are limited data on mpox immunity in West Africa. In this study, authors present serological and genomic evidence of residual smallpox vaccination immunity and possibly unrecognized mpox exposure among ostensibly healthy Nigerian adults.

A combination of nonlinear optical experiments, piezoresponse force microscopy and Monte Carlo simulations resolves the correlation between polarization, topology and temperature for the hexagonal manganite YMnO₃—a persistent ferroelectrics puzzle.

Oxidative catalytic depolymerization of polystyrene (PS) can produce benzoic acid, but the annual consumption of benzoic acid is ~40 times lower than PS, so benzoic acid should be converted to higher-volume chemicals for the process to be viable. Here, the authors report a hybrid chemical and biological process that uses PS as feedstock for production of adipic acid, a high-volume co-monomer for nylon 6,6, via benzoic acid.