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Here the authors report that some aspects of clinical heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes vary across populations. Using a deep-learning–based tree model built from over 32,000 patients, they document disease patterns and risks specific for the Chinese population, potentially enabling more precise prediction and personalized care.

Analysing the causal links of gene expression and protein abundance on type 2 diabetes risk in blood and seven tissues related to the disease from individuals of four ancestries, the authors advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies neutralize and entrap viruses to enhance mucosal immunity, preventing influenza infection and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Smc5/6 association with DNA junctions can support genomic functions. Here, the authors show that Smc5/6 junction polarity preferences, targeting, and dwell times are determined by its structural modules as well as the RPA and PCNA genomic factors.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

Glioblastoma is characterised by high levels of intratumoural heterogeneity and plasticity, hindering treatment. Here, the authors develop an analytical framework, scFOCAL, to predict the sensitivity of glioblastoma cell subpopulations to therapies based on reversal of disease transcriptional signatures to identify synergistic therapeutic combinations.

The inability of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells to shift the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus during daytime is caused by light-dependent depolarization block of these cells.

A pigeon-eye-inspired multimodal high-resolution tactile sensor, combined with a tactile language model, allows robots to achieve human-like tactile perception and understanding of their environment.

Genome-wide association studies incorporating data for populations of African ancestry provide an expanded view of the genetic basis of schizophrenia, which has previously been studied mainly in European and East Asian cohorts.

Morkovin’s hypothesis establishes a comparison between incompressible and compressible flows and is essential for understanding supersonic and hypersonic turbulence. In this work, the authors present the measurements of wall-normal fluctuations that support the hypothesis proposed in 1962.

Owing to electron localization, two-dimensional materials are not expected to be metallic at low temperatures, but a field-induced quantum metal phase emerges in NbSe₂, whose behaviour is consistent with the Bose-metal model.

LbuCas13a delivered as RNP exhibits strong collateral RNA cleavage in human cells, characterized by widespread cytoplasmic RNA depletion. This triggers a stress and innate immune response, driving apoptosis, enabling selective cell elimination.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

STING–type-I interferon pathway regulates the immunogenicity of several cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Here the authors describe that glutamine metabolism in the tumour microenvironment dampens the STING–type-I interferon pathway by epigenetically silencing the expression of BATF2, which functions as a tumour suppressor.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Streptococcus thermophilus phages circumvent host CRISPR defences via AcrIIIA2, which complexes with enolase, a highly abundant glycolysis enzyme, to block phage RNA binding.

Lung adenocarcinomas bearing the ID2 mutational signature display increased LINE-1 retrotransposon activity, which contributes to their fast evolutionary dynamics and aggressive phenotype.

Gene therapies often fail to reach tissues beyond the liver after intravenous delivery. Here, authors present MARVEL, a strategy that combines red blood cell hitchhiking with VEGF-induced vascular permeabilization to enhance lung targeting and deep tissue gene expression.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

Here, as part of the Sherlock-Lung study, the authors profile the microbiomes of 940 lung cancers in never smokers finding no significant associations with demographic and clinical features, suggesting lung bacteria are unlikely to have a sizable role in lung cancer.

Measles vaccination was interrupted globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, the authors use data on measles antibody levels from Hunan province, China, to quantify the immunity gap and model the potential impact of supplementary immunisation activities.

Dendritic cell-based therapies have been exploited as immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Here the authors report a platform integrating antigen-capturing nanoparticles and type 1 conventional dendritic cells for in situ cancer immunization, promoting anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models.

This study examines associations between sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages or proteomic signatures and adverse liver outcomes using UK Biobank data. The findings highlight the potential benefits of reducing sweetened beverage intake for liver health.

Zhang et al. design a nanostructure which activates an adaptive martensitic transformation mechanism in a nuclear grade austenitic stainless steel, achieving extraordinary radiation resistance with non-degraded mechanical properties.

Wastewater-based surveillance tends to focus on specific pathogens. Here, the authors mapped the wastewater virome from 62 cities worldwide to identify over 2,500 viruses, revealing city-specific virome fingerprints and showing that wastewater metagenomics enables early detection of emerging viruses.

Creative experiences such as dance, music, drawing, and strategy video games might preserve brain health. The authors show that regular practice or short training in these activities is linked to brains that look younger and work more efficiently.

The authors show that a bacterial histone, HLp from Leptospira perolatii, forms tetramers that wrap and compact DNA, revealing an unexpected mechanism by which bacteria organize their genetic material.

Biocatalytic strategies typically transform only one alkene isomer into products, limiting the yield. Now a biocatalyst is reported to convert both isomeric silyl enol ethers into chiral α-branched ketones with high efficiency and excellent selectivity.

Here, using a mouse model, the authors show that a lysine-restricted diet counteracts obesity via the enrichment of Parabacteroides goldsteinii and its metabolite MIAA, which in turn leads to suppressed fat accumulation by modulating the FTO-YTHDC1-SLC2A4 pathway.

The INTIMET study is a randomized 26-week double-blind clinical trial to assess whether metformin can reduce insulin resistance in adults with type 1 diabetes. Metformin did not reduce insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes, but lowered insulin dose versus placebo – a secondary outcome.

Nonlinear optical processes involving both vibrational and electronic transitions provide valid tools to resolve vibronic coupling in molecules. Here, the authors demonstrate double-resonance three-photon excitations enabling enantio-selective vibronic coupling and modulation of upconverted emission in a chiral medium.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), valued for its remarkable chemical and thermal resilience, resists conventional recycling due to its crystalline structure and high melting point. Here, the authors demonstrate a mechanochemical route to upcycle PTFE as a fluorinating reagent mediated by potassium metal.

PD-1 blockade interferes with the selective expansion and maintenance of high-affinity TCR stem-like clones that have a critical role in effective checkpoint blockade therapy.

Here the authors provide an explanation for 95% of examined predicted loss of function variants found in disease-associated haploinsufficient genes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), underscoring the power of the presented analysis to minimize false assignments of disease risk.

The cyanobacterial circadian clock typically includes a standard oscillator consisting of proteins KaiA, KaiB and KaiC, but some cyanobacteria have additional homologous proteins of unclear function. Here, the authors show that a KaiABC homolog system contributes, together with the canonical oscillator, to the control of circadian rhythms in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

cfDNA fragmentomics is a potential clinically applicable method for identifying cancer. Here, the authors assess fragmentomics analysis methods and their application to commercial targeted sequencing panels.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Hi-C methods for studying 3D genome structure typically require millions of cells and struggle with repetitive regions. Here, authors develop CiFi, combining 3C with PacBio HiFi sequencing, enabling chromatin analysis from as few as 60,000 cells and chromosome-scale assembly from small samples.

A transverse Peierls transition can occur when transverse acoustic phonons couple with conducting p-orbital electrons. Here, the authors observe an incommensurate transverse Peierls transition and signatures of a chiral charge density wave in EuAl₄.

Here the authors report NiGa₂O_4–x(OH)_y for light-driven CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. The surface Lewis acid–base pairs and -OH groups act as conduits for H^- /H⁺ transport to active sites, enhancing photocatalytic methanol production.

Reconstruction of seven sequential Rodinia large igneous provinces defines a basal mantle structure similar but different from that of Pangea, which implies partial regeneration of large low shearwave-velocity provinces through supercontinent cycles.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Huang and colleagues report that TIM4–AMPK signaling induces downregulation of the mitochondrial HSP90 chaperone TRAP1 in tumor-associated macrophages, thereby enhancing their immunoinhibitory function and promoting immune evasion and tumorigenesis.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

The Galleri MCED cfDNA test is designed to screen for cancer signal in asymptomatic individuals. Here, the authors analyse the real-world performance of the test in over 100,000 individuals. In agreement with clinical validation studies, they observe a 49.4% empirical positive predictive value, with 87% accuracy for cancer signal localization in the body.

The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

Analysis of the longest-lived mammal, the bowhead whale, reveals an improved ability to repair DNA breaks, mediated by high levels of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein.   

Many diseases are caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, the authors present CRISPR base editors that use the base excision machinery for single-base transversions.