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Gallium arsenide photocathodes inside a superconducting radio-frequency gun are a promising source of polarized electrons for future colliders. Now the operation of such a source has been demonstrated.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Vortex dynamics and mutual friction in quantum fluids are intimately connected to the fundamental properties of superfluids. Here, the authors reveal previously unexplored mechanisms underlying the mutual friction coefficients in ultracold Fermi superfluids in the unitary limit, suggesting bound quasiparticles within the vortex core play a significant role.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Rathmell and colleagues show that metabolic reprograming of regulatory T cells is associated with severity of critical illness in patients with and without sepsis.

High-pressure measurements of the electrical conductivity of (Mg,Fe)O, used as an analogue for basal magma ocean material, indicate that the conductivity is high enough to produce a dynamo much stronger than a core-driven dynamo for super-Earths larger than 3–6 Earth masses.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Lung adenocarcinoma is often curable when diagnosed at an early stage, but a subsection of patients will progress. Here, the authors use multi-omics profiling to show that gene expression data can predict clinical outcome.

The presented framework enables the design of stochastic, voxelated digital materials with microscale control. By combining physics-based modeling and neural networks, this approach enables the creation of tuned polymers for advanced medical and engineering uses.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Dimorphos ejecta plume properties were revealed by the observations from the LICIACube cube satellite, which was deployed 15  days in advance of the impact of DART.

Cleavable bonds are a central strategy for polymer deconstruction, but controlling the rate of breakdown remains difficult because it is dictated by intrinsic bond cleavage kinetics. Now it has been shown that bio-inspired conformationally preorganized neighbouring groups enable programmable polymer deconstruction without changing the cleavable bond itself or compromising material properties.

Perineural invasion and cancer-induced nerve injury of tumour-associated nerves are associated with poor response to anti-PD-1 therapy, which can be reversed by combining anti-PD-1 therapy with anti-inflammatory interventions.

Coordinated X-ray and radio observations reveal that disk winds and jets occur mutually exclusively in 4U 1630–472, providing new observational constraints on the interplay between different modes of outflow in X-ray binaries.

How warning colours arise from camouflage is a long-standing puzzle. This study finds that elapid snakes with cryptic upper sides but bright ventral patches often precede aposematism, and these colours co-evolve with behaviours that reveal them.

Hi-C methods for studying 3D genome structure typically require millions of cells and struggle with repetitive regions. Here, authors develop CiFi, combining 3C with PacBio HiFi sequencing, enabling chromatin analysis from as few as 60,000 cells and chromosome-scale assembly from small samples.

Jupiter’s magnetodisk mediates mass, momentum, and energy exchange between Jupiter’s atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and moon tori. Here, the authors show that pressure anisotropy-driven instabilities regulate its nonequilibrium dynamics.

Jails are high-risk settings for transmission of pathogens. Here, the authors use genomic and epidemiological data to investigate the bacterial and clinical factors affecting transmission of MRSA in jails and impacts on wider community transmission dynamics.

Observations of a luminous quasar from the high-resolution spectrometer Resolve aboard XRISM revealed highly inhomogeneous wind structure outflowing from a supermassive black hole, which probably consists of up to a million clumps.

Rider, Grantham, Smith, Watson et al. integrate multiomic data from patients with psoriasis using dimensionality reduction and machine learning techniques. This approach identifies biological relationships between genetic background, clinical features and disease severity, providing insight into disease variability across individuals.

The annual flood of Tonle Sap Lake supports over 20 million people’s livelihoods. Riverbed lowering due to sand mining and sediment diversion has substantially reduced the annual flood pulse and is projected to worsen if business continues as usual.

A geological, petrographic and geochemical survey of distinctive mudstone and conglomerate outcrops of the Bright Angel formation on Mars reveals textures, chemical and mineral characteristics, and organic signatures that warrant consideration as potential biosignatures.

Soft-elasticity in monodomain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) is promising for impact-absorbing applications but due to the lack of synthetic procedures which give monodomain devices of sufficient size, impact studies on LCEs have not been performed. Here the authors use direct-ink writing to fabricate bulk monodomain LCE devices and study their compressive soft-elasticity.

LipCo biosynthesis in humans depends exclusively on a de novo pathway involving LIPT2, LIAS, and LIPT1. In this work authors present structures of LIAS captured in multiple catalytic states, revealing critical conformational changes associated with the reaction. The structures of the LIAS–H_pro complex define molecular interactions essential for complex formation. These structures enabled the mapping of amino acid changes associated with non-ketotic hyperglycemia.

Extreme magnetoresistance is characterized by a large and non-saturating magnetoresistance. Typically, it is observed in materials with compensated bandstructures, however, here, Christensen et al demonstrate a large and non-saturating magnetoresistance in a γAl2O3/SrTiO3 heterostructure, which is related to disorder, rather than the materials bandstructure.

Early theoretical work predicted that fluctuations above the superfluid transition in liquid 3He should be observable in viscosity. Baten et al. document the reduction of the viscosity due to fluctuations, by monitoring the quality factor of a resonator immersed in 3He as a function of pressure and temperature.

Phase-stable counterrotating bicircular light pulses, including a trefoil-like field trajectory, were realized in multi-terahertz range. Orientation, shape, rotational symmetry, and helicity of trajectories are programmable on software.

The realization of the anomalous Hall effect in high-mobility two dimensional electron systems has so far remained elusive. Here, the authors observe its emergence in MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures and attribute it to skew scattering of electrons by localized paramagnetic centres.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Morkovin’s hypothesis establishes a comparison between incompressible and compressible flows and is essential for understanding supersonic and hypersonic turbulence. In this work, the authors present the measurements of wall-normal fluctuations that support the hypothesis proposed in 1962.

A reconstruction of the distribution of cold traps on the Moon at spatial scales varying from 1 km to 1 cm shows that the smallest ones are also the most numerous, 10–20% of the total. The total surface area of the Moon that can efficiently trap water is revised substantially upward, to 40,000 km².

This study introduces improvements to cryo-FIBSEM to enable the preparation of high-quality cryo-lamellae from complex plant samples. The 3D images of Casparian strips, suberin lamellae, and xylem vessel walls provide insights into cell wall architecture.

Laboratory automation, machine learning, and metabolic engineering may be combined to quickly and efficiently build productive microbial strains. Here the authors used these techniques in P. putida to boost isoprenol titers 5-fold over six DBTL cycles while sampling a reduced design space.

Banana-shaped liquid crystals attract people’s attention nowadays because of their peculiar optical properties associated with a helical nanofilament phase. Here Zhang et al. report a doubly twisted packing of this phase, which is different from the parallel packing observed in the past.

Biological motors which convert energy into mechanical work inspire the fabrication of synthetic motors. Here the authors demonstrate self-assembled colloidal motors which are driven to a range of responses controlled by the feedback between light polarization and deformation of a liquid crystal.

Rising demand for ruminant meat and dairy products in developing nations drives increasing GHG and ammonia emissions from livestock. Authors show here that only long-term adoption of global best-practice in sustainable intensification buffered by a short-term coping strategy of green-source trading can offer a way forward.

SPACEc offers a user-friendly, expert-curated workflow for multiplexed image analysis, enabling researchers to easily perform advanced spatial biology studies and streamline the path from experiment to discovery.

Weir et al. present IdentifiHR, a logistic regression model to predict the homologous recombination status of a high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma using the expression of 209 genes. Findings reveal that the IdentifiHR model is accurate and can be applied to bulk and single cell RNA sequencing data.

Bearing capacity, the ability of a surface to support applied loads, is a critical property in planetary exploration to understand a surface’s response to landing or roving. Here, the bearing capacity of the asteroid Didymos is estimated using DART images of suspected boulder tracks on its surface.

A coating made from densely packed hydroxyapatite particles in an organic matrix endows the dactyl club of mantis shrimps with high stiffness and energy damping.

Indonesian cattle are unique due to their history of admixture involving both zebu and banteng. Here, Wang et al. identify ~3.5 million novel introgressed SNP variants and provide a genomic map of banteng introgression within and across many cattle breeds, each with unique introgression histories.

An electron with a linear dispersion relation should contribute half of a quantum of Hall conductance and thereby manifest the parity anomaly. This is demonstrated in a heterostructure of topological insulator materials.

An asymmetric organocatalysis strategy is used to control pyramidal nitrogen chirality and to synthesize the enantioselective N-chloroaziridines with a configurationally stable nitrogen stereogenic centre.