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Metabolic profiling of extracellular vesicles for diagnostic applications remains challenging. Here authors develop ACTIVITY, a cascade-catalysis strategy to detect metabolically active extracellular vesicles, enabling macrophage phenotyping and differentiation of pneumonia patients from healthy controls.

Achieving simultaneous flexibility, thermal stability and strong absorption in conventional X-ray sensors is challenging. Here, the authors develop an all-inorganic fabric X-ray sensor working from 80 K to 1373 K, enabling real-time imaging of molten metals and superconducting magnets.

Rodriguez et al. define a native role for RAN translation and CGG repeats in regulating mGluR-dependent fragile X protein (FMRP) synthesis. RAN-blocking antisense oligonucleotides increase FMRP and improve survival of neurons from patients with repeat expansions.

Li et al. identify small spherical vesicles budding from plant multivesicular bodies as likely retrograde carriers and demonstrate that SNX proteins drive their formation, revealing a distinct mechanism for protein recycling during plant development.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often linked to disrupted bile acid homeostasis. Here, the authors show hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting the formation of RAN/CRM1/PPARα nuclear export heterotrimer, resulting in increased nuclear localization of PPARα and activated fatty acid oxidation.

ProtAIDe-Dx is a deep joint-learning model that uses plasma proteomics to provide simultaneous probabilistic diagnoses across six conditions associated with aging.

Golgi disassembly is required for mitosis and occurs by vesicle fusion suppression, although the mechanism is unclear. Here, Chang et al. show, with quantitative analyses and crystallography, that Importin-α regulates this process by blocking GM130-p115 interactions in a Ran pathway-independent way.

Liu et al. show that the C9orf72 GGGGCC-repeat RNA drives liquid-to-solid phase transition of poly(GR) in ALS/FTD through forming G-quadruplex and hairpin scaffolds, whereas targeting the RNA structures with small molecules reduces poly(GR) aggregation and cellular dysfunction.

Herbivory has evolved multiple times across mammals. This study investigates the evolutionary adaptation of the enzyme alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) in mammals and finds AGT’s peroxisomal targeting efficiency, driven by the PTS1 motif, plays a crucial role in adapting to plant-based diets.

Past work has found that Black and Hispanic faculty are judged more harshly in promotion and tenure. Here, evidence from a natural experiment shows that evaluating faculty simultaneously with other candidates helps mitigate these racial disparities.

Analysis of embryo metabolites offers a promising non-invasive strategy for assessing preimplantation developmental potential. Here, the authors report a capillary-driven chemiluminescence microfluidic device equipped with three electrowetting valves that enables quantification of glucose, lactate and pyruvate from as little as 3 μL of spent blastocyst culture medium.

Genetic analyses in more than 15,000 individuals from across the Americas, including individuals with autism and family members, define the genetic landscape of autism in Latin American populations and identify significant overlap with other ancestries.

Negative regulator of thermotolerance 1 (NAT1) is identified as a negative regulator of thermotolerance in rice through the NAT1–bHLH110–CER1/CER1L module. Modifying NAT1 by targeted gene editing increases wax deposition and enhances thermotolerance in rice.

In a randomized controlled study at ICLR 2025, Thakkar et al. demonstrate that large language model-generated feedback can make reviews more informative while enhancing reviewer–author engagement.

The effects of transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) on the human brain are poorly understood. Here, the authors elucidate the subthreshold effects of tFUS and found that integrating tFUS with electric stimulation led to suprathreshold neuromodulation in the resting-state human brain.

Merlin, a vision–language foundation model trained on a large dataset of paired CT scans, patient record data and radiology reports, demonstrates strong performance across model architectures, diagnostic and prognostic tasks, and external sites.

Liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate the network structure of cellulosic gels. The formation of nano- and microscale fibrillar bundles is observed, providing insight into structure–property relationships in hydrogels.

RNA design aims to find a sequence that folds into a target structure. Here, the authors formulate it as a continuous optimization over a coupled-variable distribution and leverage sampling to optimize arbitrary objectives. On Eterna100, it outperforms state-of-the-art methods across key metrics.

Offshore carbon capture projects in southern China can break even before 2040, with transport distance as a key driver. These insights are based on geological assessment, phased planning, and technoeconomic analysis and GIS spatial analysis.

The CATS Net framework models how abstract concepts emerge from sensory experience. Aligning with human brain activity and enabling knowledge transfer, it provides a unified framework for understanding conceptual intelligence in both humans and AI.

Crystallizing the perovskite layer on thin tunnel oxide passivated contact silicon cells is challenging due to rapid heat transfer. Zhou et al. address this issue using a 2-mercaptobenzothiazole additive, achieving a tandem cell efficiency of 32.76%.

GGC repeat expansions causing oculopharyngeal myopathy with or without leukoencephalopathy are located in small open reading frames and translated into polyglycine proteins that form cellular aggregates, driving neuronal and muscle cell dysfunction.

cf-EpiTracing enables automated profiling of histone modifications in cell-free DNA from human plasma, allowing identification of the cells of origin and disease diagnosis.

Here the authors perform an epigenome-wide DNAm study in 472 AD brains, identifying 5,478 regional methylation associations, mainly with tau. Replication and integration analyses reveal 93 regions and 535 genes enriched in oligodendrocyte genes, a subset of which were consistent across tauopathies.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

The susceptibility of mouse and human T cells to ferroptosis is determined by the balance of systemic polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, highlighting a key role for lipid metabolism and dietary composition in regulating T cell function.

Genome-wide analyses identify 418 independent associations with autoimmune hypothyroidism and classify risk loci into distinct groupings related to systemic autoimmunity and thyroid-specific dysfunction.

Xiaolu et al. evaluate the efficacy and safety of eribulin plus gemcitabine treatment for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer patients. The combination treatment is effective in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer needing second-line or later treatment and has a predictable, manageable side effect profile.

TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) is key factor that controls flowering time and inflorescence meristem identity. Here, the researchers assign a new role to TFL1 of seed size determination by regulating the timing of endosperm cellularization.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Stratospheric biomass burning aerosols can impact ozone through multiple pathways. This work shows that the 2019 fire aerosols caused a net increase in Arctic ozone, primarily through stratospheric heating and enhanced poleward ozone transport.

Here the authors systematically benchmark 13 polygenic score (PGS) methods in UK Biobank European and African populations, revealing factors that affect prediction accuracy. They also introduce an automated platform for standardized and reproducible PGS computation.

The existence of a long-lived, prethermal regime in many-body systems with tunable heating rates, driven by structured random protocols, is observed using a 78-qubit superconducting quantum processor.

The relationship between stomatal traits and environmental drivers across plant communities has important implications for ecosystem fluxes. Here, the authors explore community-scale stomatal trait-environment relationships, which are important for predicting future water and carbon cycles.

Paclitaxel is a prominent cancer therapy drug with poor synthetic efficiency due to the low activity and selectivity of the hydrolases involved. Here the authors develop a TteUPO oxidase toolbox for taxane oxidation, offering an unconventional route towards paclitaxel and paclitaxel analogues.

Li, Li, Yang and Huang et al. show that ultraviolet-induced ribotoxic stress activates ZAK signaling to phosphorylate the Integrator subunit INTS12, thus promoting Integrator recruitment to CSB-bound, stalled RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and facilitating Pol II removal during efficient transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

This study uncovers genetic links between plant roots and their microbiome in Brassica napus, identifying microbe-associated loci and a beneficial bacterium, Sphingopyxis, that promotes nitrogen uptake.

The 4D Nucleome Project demonstrates the use of genomic assays and computational methods to measure genome folding and then predict genomic structure from DNA sequence, facilitating the discovery of potential effects of genetic variants, including variants associated with disease, on genome structure and function.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

Cell type labelling in single-cell datasets remains a major bottleneck. Here, the authors present AnnDictionary, an open-source toolkit that enables atlas-scale analysis and provides the first benchmark of LLMs for de novo cell type annotation from marker genes, showing high accuracy at low cost.

The use of Li or Na as electrodes in Li-Na alloy–O₂ batteries creates formidable challenges for both safety and stability because of their oxidative corrosion and the growth of dendrites and cracks on their surface. Now, an aprotic bimetal Li-Na alloy–O₂ battery with high cycling stability has been developed using a Li-Na eutectic alloy anode and an electrolyte additive.

Here the authors perturb genes linked to schizophrenia risk in human neurons. They find that single perturbations share common downstream effects on gene networks, while joint perturbations result in downstream effects being saturated.