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The first sample of farside lunar soil, collected by Chang’e-6, is strongly cohesive. The high cohesion stems from its fine particle size with intricate shape, probably a result of the high plagioclase abundance and intense meteorite impacts at the sampling site.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

Impact-melt norites collected by Chang’e-6 have an orthopyroxene-dominated mantle source and a 20-30% contribution of lunar highland crust, according to petrologic analyses and thermodynamic modelling which suggests a three-layer differentiated South-Pole Aitken basin

Heart failure affects millions worldwide with limited treatment options. Here, the authors develop a biodegradable, self-powered vagus nerve stimulator that attenuates cardiac damage at different disease stages without requiring battery replacement or surgical removal.

Basalt samples returned from the Moon by the Chang’e-5 mission are revealed to be two billion years old by radioisotopic dating, providing insight on the volcanic history of the Moon.

Here, the authors develop AMPLiT a tool for screening antimicrobial peptides in metagenomic datasets, and apply it to human coprolite metagenomes, finding that Segatella copri, an ancient prevalent human gut bacterium declined in modern populations, harbors unexplored antimicrobial reservoir, offering an alternative approach against modern pathogenic infections.

The Chinese Chang’e-6 mission plans to bring a sample from the lunar farside in 2024. Here the characterization and scientific potential of the three candidate landing sites are presented. They are located around the roughly 4-Gyr-old Apollo crater, located within the South Pole–Aitken basin.

Protein kinases contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and immune evasion. This study identifies SPAK as a key driver of oncogenesis and immune exhaustion, showing that SPAK inhibition synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy to enhance antitumor efficacy.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

Researchers developed a simple, industry-compatible method using an indium buffer layer between cobalt and 2D materials to form vdWs tunnel contacts. This achieved high spin injection efficiency in both graphene and MoS2, enabling future large-scale spintronic devices.

Laboratory spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses on the Chang’E-5 lunar soil samples have demonstrated that the spectral features of lunar late-stage mare basalts are representative of iron-rich high-Ca pyroxene rather than olivine.

Isotopic analysis of basalt clasts returned from the Moon by the Chang’e-5 mission indicates that the rocks were derived from a mantle source that lacked potassium, rare-earth elements and phosphorus.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Controllable and scalable phase transition of transition metal chalcogenides is challenging. Using in situ microscopic analysis, a non-stoichiometric phase transition from PdTe₂ to PdTe is observed on the atomic scale, providing mechanistic insights into the scalable phase engineering of transition metal chalcogenide films and heterostructures.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Overnutrition has been linked to increased risk of cancer. Here, the authors show that exceeding nutrients suppress Enoyl-CoA hydratase-1 (ECHS1) activity by inducing its acetylation resulting in accumulation of fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids and oncogenic mTOR activation.

Functional and structural characterization of PtmA2 reveals that it is an unusual non-adenylating acyl-CoA ligase and part of a system wherein the canonical acyl-CoA ligase reaction is separated into two half-reactions performed by distinct enzymes.

Influenza A virus infection causes a dramatic upregulation of ADP-ribosylation that as part of the cellular antiviral response, a process that is counteracted by the viral NS1 protein.

Crustal recycling on the Moon occurred through the uplift and exposure of mantle materials caused by giant impacts, such as at the South Pole-Aitken basin, according to numerical modelling to explain heavy sulfur isotope values observed in basalts.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

This study reports on an industrial-grade, large-scale, all-in-one integrated and automated laboratory (iAutoEvoLab), combined with a genetic circuit-controlled, growth-coupled continuous evolution system based on OrthoRep, which can evolve proteins with diverse and complex functionalities. These include protein–protein interactions, protein–DNA interactions, proteins requiring both protein–DNA and protein–ligand interactions, and fusion proteins with low to near-zero activities.

When a wave packet traces a conical intersection, its phase must change a sign. The authors show direct experimental and computational evidence of this geometric phase effect for the hydrogen exchange reaction H + D₂ → HD + D.

The storage of solar wind-derived water of impact glass beads exhibits a dichotomy distribution in the lunar soils.

EchoPrime, a video-based foundation artificial intelligence model for echocardiography, is presented.

This paper determines the oxygen fugacity of the Chang’e-6 basalts from the South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin on the farside of the Moon. The results show that the mantle beneath the farside SPA basin is more reduced than that beneath the nearside, as determined by the Apollo and Chang’e-5 basalts.

Combination of epidemiology, preclinical models and ultradeep DNA profiling of clinical cohorts unpicks the inflammatory mechanism by which air pollution promotes lung cancer

Efforts to develop P2X7 drugs are hampered by species differences. Here, authors reveal the structural basis for these disparities and show that transgenic mice provide a powerful model for testing selective inhibitors with greater clinical relevance.

SCOPE-DTI introduces a large semi-inductive DTI dataset and optimized deep learning framework for drug-target interaction prediction. It integrates 3D structural modeling and bilinear attention, with experimental validation of drug targets and open access tools for broad research use.

The authors analyze 162 primary mismatch-repair-deficient gliomas and identify three subgroups underpinned by distinct somatic mutations in replicative DNA polymerases and IDH1.

Hong-Xuan Lin, Ji-Ping Gao, Jun-Xiang Shan and colleagues show that natural variation in a proteasome α2 subunit gene contributes to thermotolerance in African rice. Their follow-up studies suggest that the variant allele protects cells from heat stress by enhancing the elimination of cytotoxic denatured proteins and maintaining heat-response processes.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly lethal, with treatment effectiveness, including immunotherapy, limited by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This study identifies TNK2/ACK1 as a driver of immune evasion in pancreatic cancer via STAT5A-HVEM signaling that disables CD8⁺ T cells while TNK2 inhibition restores antitumor immunity and synergizes with anti-PD-1 and chemotherapy in PDAC models.

Silicon solar cells with hybrid interdigitated back contacts have a power conversion efficiency approaching 95% of the theoretical limit and a fill factor approaching 98% of the theoretical limit.

A universal design strategy for nanograined metals aimed at utilizing oxygen nanoclustering to achieve the highly desired combination of high strength and large deformability that evades inverse Hall-Petch softening.

Metal-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane and methanogenesis, mediated by a diverse microbial community, drove iron-mineral transformation and may have aided ice sheet melting, according to analysis of Sturtian iron formations from South China

Jer-Yuarn Wu, Fuu-Jen Tsai, Yuan-Tsong Chen and colleagues report a genome-wide association study of Kawasaki disease. They show that common variants near BLK and CD40 influence susceptibility to this acute childhood vasculitis.

The precise synthesis of functional polyarylamines based on a reactivity-regulated sequent cross-coupling carbon–nitrogen polycondensation method has been reported, with excellent batch-to-batch uniformity for perovskite solar cells.