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The mechanical microenvironment for MSCs is crucial for osteogenesis. Here, the authors developed a hydrogel in which MSC-secreted ALP actively remodels the surrounding heterogeneous mechanical microenvironment to promote osteogenesis for bone regeneration.

This study demonstrates that the reduced serum serine in patients with chemotherapy or women with poor sleep, is linked to the decline of ovarian function. Serine supplementation prevented ovarian damage in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis in ovarian granulosa cells, without affecting chemotherapy efficacy.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

Through integrated multi-omics and experimental validation, this study reveals that altered gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism activate TLR3 to induce urothelial injury in interstitial cystitis, identifying a pathway with therapeutic potential.

How the vascular endothelial cells support the functional adaptation of pancreatic islets under obesity-associated metabolic stress is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that the ER stress sensor IRE1α employs its RNase activity to play an important regulatory role in this process.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

METTL3-mediated m6A modification promotes FDX1 mRNA translation suppression via reader FMR1, conferring cuproptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Targeting METTL3 enhances cuproptosis and suppresses tumor growth, suggesting a therapeutic strategy.

The authors find that O-GalNAc transferase 2 (GALNT2) restricts viral infection, probably through the regulation of the proteolytic processing of viral glycoproteins via its O-linked glycosylation activity, impairing virus–cell fusion.

Direct observation of the Migdal effect in neutron–nucleus collisions is reported, which resolves a long-standing gap in experimental validation.

Monocytes/macrophages exert pro-atherogenic functions depending on their metabolic programming. Here, the authors show the pivotal role of methionine metabolism in the proinflammatory and migratory functions of monocytes/macrophages and identify MAT2A as a potential target for the management of atherosclerosis.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is the biologically active form of vitamin B1 and servers as an essential metabolic cofactor regulating energy production, redox homeostasis, and carbon assimilation. Here, the authors show that optimizing TPP metabolism can enhance yield and quality in maize, rice and rapeseed.

The role of Leflunomide in αPD1-induced cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Here, the authors show that leflunomide mitigates αPD1-induced cardiac toxicity in melanoma-bearing mice through modulation of the microbiota-indole-3-propionic acid-heart axis.

The p53 R181C mutation accumulates through impaired deacetylation by Sirt1 and altered ubiquitination, which reveals the role of p53 R181C mutation in tumor development.

Influenza A virus infection causes a dramatic upregulation of ADP-ribosylation that as part of the cellular antiviral response, a process that is counteracted by the viral NS1 protein.

Chiral multi-curved shell (CMCS) metamaterials achieve smooth, tuneable, yet robust load-bearing curves and enhanced energy-absorption performances over existing designs by synergistically integrating compression-torsion and buckling mechanisms

Developing photocatalysts from earth-abundant materials is crucial for sustainable solar hydrogen production, yet challenges in efficiency and stability persist. Here, the authors report that the topological semimetal cobalt triarsenide functions as an active and durable platform for this reaction.

Soil compaction traps ethylene around roots, which causes transcriptional upregulation of Auxin Response Factor1, resulting in decreased root cortical cell wall thickness and thereby promoting root radial expansion.

Next-generation red and green G-protein-coupled receptor-based dopamine sensors with improved properties have been developed. Their performance is demonstrated in cell culture, in brain slices and in vivo in the mouse.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis senses fungal tyrosol signalling through EnvZ–OmpR which triggers T6SS activation and antifungal effector release to reduce fungal competitors in the mouse gut.

Genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses from a population of 295 diverse sweet-corn inbred lines provide insights into kernel quality formation mechanisms and the divergence of sweet corn and field corn.

Shear stiffening gels have promise in impact protection, but can have problems with toxicity and corrosion. Here, the authors report the development of a boron-free material based on a shear-stiffening polytitanosiloxane network through a metal-ion-mediated hydrogen bond enhancement strategy.

Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction to produce H₂O₂ awaits in-depth knowledge for the design of active photocatalysts. Here, the authors identify that surface indium vacancies are the key to opening the activity of In₂S₃ for H₂O₂ photosynthesis.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is involved in mammalian reproduction, but several studies have suggested a role of FSH and its receptor in extragonadal tissue. Here, the authors show that FSH orchestrates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) via its receptor on pancreatic β-cells, with pre-menopausal FSH levels dose-dependently promoting GSIS and postmenopausal FSH levels inhibiting this effect.

Stowell et al. show that the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of Puf3 binds the Ccr4–Not deadenylase complex using an extended interface. Phosphorylation of the IDR regulates the interaction to tune exonucleolytic activity in a graded manner.

Spatiotemporal beams differ from standard spatial structured light. The authors introduce 2D spacetime duality to uncover the conventional–spatiotemporal beam connection, enabling the development of high-fidelity spatiotemporal beams.

A new AI generative model leverages the use of synthetic images to effectively augment existing datasets, boosting performance across multiple medical applications

The Strecker reaction is a power method for the synthesis of cyano-substituted compounds. Here the authors report a dual-reagent system for asymmetric Strecker reactions, where an in situformed organocatalyst/methyl acrylate zwitterionic adduct activates both the cyanide source and the electrophile.

Whether multimorbidity accelerates brain Aβ deposition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher self-reported multimorbidity burden predicts increased brain Aβ accumulation rates in the ADNI cohort.

Spatiotemporal hierarchical modelling of geological sea-level proxies and tide gauge data suggest that the modern global mean sea-level rise rate since 1900 has exceeded any century over at least the past four millennia, breaking the long-term stability observed in southeastern China.

The recently discovered kagome metal AV₃Sb₅ is a new playground to study the interplay between superconductivity and charge-density-wave (CDW) state. Here, the authors report pressure-dependent evolution of CDW and superconductivity in CsV₃Sb₅, suggesting an unusual competition between the two phases.

This work introduces roll-to-roll fluidics, a method that enhances reagent efficiency and reduces turnaround time, enabling rapid and economical next-generation sequencing.

Intracellular copper concentration has been linked to cell proliferation. Here, the authors demonstrate that copper binding to both Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CCNB1 is essential for activating CDK1 and promoting the G2/M transition in the cell cycle.

Diazotrophs are a key driver of Earth’s nitrogen cycle, and their global distribution is shaped by environmental factors. This study reveals correlations between diazotroph biogeography and climate variables and uses projections to show that anthropogenic climate change may reduce global diazotroph diversity by 2100.

A disordered metasurface based on a generalized-lattice strategy enables uniform arrangement of meta-atoms with arbitrary types and quantity ratios, decoupling structural design from all Stokes parameters.

The performance of all-perovskite tandem solar cells remains limited by the insufficient infrared photon absorption in the narrow bandgap subcells. Here, the authors develop a ternary solvent system to suppress tin-rich phases and achieve an efficiency of 29.3% in operationally stable devices.