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Here, they develop optimized mouse testicular organoids that recapitulate key testicular functions and generate functional haploid germ cells, enabling the generation of normal fertile F2 offspring. These organoids can be used to model male infertility and screen for drugs that may prevent germ cell loss after chemotherapy.

Hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer lacks defined treatment options following CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) failure. Here, the authors present a phase Ib clinical trial where the CDK4/6i dalpiciclib is combined with the histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide in this setting.

The authors identify a KAT8 K145 lactylation switch that enhances TIP60 dependent p53 K120 acetylation and proapoptotic transcription, implicating this axis in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and its mitigation by glimepiride.

Improving crop yield very often comes at the cost of crop quality and stress resistance. Here, the authors report that gene editing of the thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch in rice leads to elevated levels of various vitamins and phytonutrients, as well as resistance to cold and blast disease without penalty on grain yield.

A genome-wide association study in rice identifies variation in SBRR1 associated with sheath blight resistance. Introducing the SBRR1-R allele into a commercial rice variety reduces yield loss under severe exposure to sheath blight disease.

BioMedAgent is a self-evolving LLM multi-agent framework that learns to use various bioinformatics tools and chain them into executable workflows for autonomously carrying out diverse biomedical data tasks initiated by natural-language prompts.

Foam cells play a key role in plaque destabilization in atherosclerosis, but their monitoring and regulation remain challenging. Here, the authors present a nanoagent that integrates multimodal imaging for plaque imaging and targeting. The platform allows for controlled drug release, promoting lipid efflux, reducing inflammatory signalling, and enhancing plaque stabilization in animal models.

Aging boosts diabetic kidney disease risk via shared renal pathology. Renal RORγ is downregulated in diabetes/aging; its tubule-specific loss worsens injury, and overexpression protects. RORγ stabilizes INSIG1 via YOD1/CAB39, blocking SREBP2/STING.

Designing complex carbon frameworks for specific applications often relies on trial-and-error. Here, authors integrate machine learning and interfacial mechanisms to evolve graphene quantum dot carbon frameworks, enabling selective detection and clearance of metabolically reprogrammed senescent cells.

The unclear structural evolution mechanism of Cobalt-based materials restricts the long-term applications of nitrate reduction for ammonia synthesis. Here, the authors report a Ru-promoted dynamic evolution of cobalt hydroxides that can stably produce ammonia at high current densities.

Inborn errors of cell death (IECD) with autoinflammatory manifestations could be induced by excessive T cell death. Here the authors characterize IECD patients with autoinflammatory manifestations who possess overactive RIPK1 variants which promote T cell death, secretion of TNF and IFN-γ along with activation of monocytes and macrophages which promotes further autoinflammation.

Zhang, Huang, Wang, Long et al. report that NAT10 enhances serine uptake and biosynthesis in an ac4C-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting stemness and progression in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Perovskite–organic-based solar cells typically show poor reverse-bias stability. By modulating the deep trap state in the bulk-heterojunction region, organic and perovskite–organic tandem solar cells show largely improved stability under reverse biases up to –40 V.

HorusEye is a foundation model for universal X-ray tomography restoration that learns realistic degradation directly from data. It supports imaging at substantially lower doses and reduces hardware requirements while improving expert analysis and downstream AI performance.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

By forming an electron reservoir in the centre of a gallium nitride nanowire p–n diode, a single two-terminal device can be created that offers sensing, memory and synaptic functionalities, and arrays of such devices can be used to denoise and identify optical images.

Analysis of the asexually reproducing Amazon molly Poecilia formosa and its sexually reproducing progenitors Poecilia mexicana and Poecilia latipinna reveals that it maintains a divergent mutational landscape and has evaded functional mutational decay via gene conversion.

Here the authors present the colloidal synthesis of InAs and GaAs nanocrystals with a cubic morphology through a cation exchange reaction with Cu₃As. The chemical bond covalency determines their kinetic-controlled characteristics, influencing their structural ordering. A cellular automaton model captures the cube-to-sphere transition, corresponding to a cubic-to-hexagonal symmetry change.

Results of the phase 2 POLAR trial show that biomarker-guided treatment in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer based on homologous repair deficiency leads to encouraging clinical response rates in immune cell-infiltrated tumors.

Yang et al. compare neoadjuvant triple therapy versus direct hepatectomy in patients with resectable intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. The findings indicate that the neoadjuvant regimen improves overall and event-free survival but is associated with a higher risk of serious adverse events and postoperative complications.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Previous de novo peptide sequencing is often limited by single protease-based experiments. Here, authors present the DiNovo software for high-coverage and high-confidence sequencing by using mirror proteases and deep learning.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Osteoarthritis encompasses multiple pathological processes making it difficult to treat. Here, the authors develop ROS/MMP13 dual-responsive organic selenium hydrogel microspheres (HSPHR) to modulate intra-articular multi-tissue selenoprotein levels, achieving multimodal treatment.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Here, the authors map malignant and non-malignant cellular states in human glioma using integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, revealing spatially organized tumor-microenvironment interactions and distinct oligodendrocyte-associated programs linked to disease progression.

High-performance organic electronics require minimal grain boundaries in an organic semiconductor active layer. Here, Kang et al.report the growth of pentacene thin films in a macroporous structure with improved crystallinity, which is guided by a chemically heterogeneous, rubber-like substrate.

Intestinal glucose excretion is a gut-based mechanism contributing to improved glycemic control after weight-loss surgery. Here, the authors describe a signaling pathway that drives intestinal glucose uptake and luminal excretion, identifying a potential therapeutic target for diabetes and weight loss.

Apomixis allows plants to reproduce clonally, yet it is unclear how rare sexual events shape their genomes. This study shows that residual sex in apomictic hickories causes recombination-driven loss of heterozygosity that exposes harmful mutations to selection and helps maintain clonality.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Loss of TDP-43 induces a pathogenic cryptic splicing event in the PKN1 gene. The resulting stable, neurotoxic N207 peptide is detected in Alzheimer’s disease brains and drives cognitive deficits in mice, revealing a new mechanism in TDP-43 proteinopathy.

GGC repeat expansions causing oculopharyngeal myopathy with or without leukoencephalopathy are located in small open reading frames and translated into polyglycine proteins that form cellular aggregates, driving neuronal and muscle cell dysfunction.

Reversible solid oxide cells are hindered by inadequate electrode activity and tolerance against contaminants. Here, the authors present an oxygen electrode delivering promising electrochemical performance and stable operation in fuel cell, electrolysis cell, and reversible cycling modes with Cr contaminations.

The authors propose a synergistic nitrogen and endohedral MoCl₅ doping strategy that produces lightweight carbon nanotube fibers with high specific electrical conductivity surpassing copper, while maintaining excellent environmental stability.

The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory demonstrates evidence of spin correlations in \(\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }\) hyperon pairs inherited from virtual spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark pairs during QCD confinement.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Electrolyte solvents in sodium-ion batteries have long been regarded as passive ion-transport media, while sluggish Na⁺ diffusion in layered cathodes limits kinetics. Now, researchers show that reversible solvent intercalation actively enhances Na⁺ transport, enabling fast kinetics with preserved redox chemistry and cycling stability.

This study finds that plastic mulch substantially increases crop yields but also contaminates soils and pollutes the environment. The authors propose biodegradable films, AI-driven farming, and policy reforms to address the productivity–sustainability trade-offs.

Tungsten ditelluride has been recently discovered to possess very large and unsaturated magnetoresistance, which opens interesting perspectives for potential applications. Here the authors show suppression of the magnetoresistance and emergence of superconductivity at high pressure.

Stone tools illustrate behavioural complexities in Middle Pleistocene hominin populations. Here, the authors present small dimensional flakes and hafted tools from Xigou, central China, dated to ~160–72 thousand years ago that demonstrate early, complex technological advancements.

Nanochannel-confined polymerization enables polymer curing inside nanometre-scale two-dimensional channels. This strategy produces selective, mechanically robust, densely packed membranes and reveals how nanoconfinement reshapes polymer structure and membrane transport pathways, opening a general route to engineer functional materials by controlling chemistry in nanoscale pores.

While neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy can improve rectal cancer patient outcomes, there is a need to better identify those who will respond well. Here, the authors present a single-arm phase II trial reporting the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and sintilimab (anti-PD-1) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer with proficient mismatch repair and intermediate/high Immunoscores.

Potassium tert-butoxide is used in a precious-metal-free alkyl transfer strategy for synthesizing azaarenes and polyazaarenes from alkenes and nitriles via carbon–carbon bond cleavage. This method produces aryl methanes as the sole by-product and allows divergent synthesis of functionalized azaarenes, some of which exhibit visible-light photocatalytic reactivity.