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LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA’s fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog shows evidence of a clear pair-instability gap in the distribution of binary black-hole secondary masses but is absent in the larger primary masses.

Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

How the brain supports speaking and listening during conversation of its natural form remains poorly understood. Here, by combining intracranial EEG recordings with Natural Language Processing, the authors show broadly distributed frontotemporal neural signals that encode context-dependent linguistic information during both speaking and listening..

He et al. identify a central regulator of condensate size and dynamics in the Chlamydomonas CO₂-fixing condensate, the pyrenoid. KEY1 phosphorylates EPYC1, a linker protein for Rubisco, to maintain pyrenoid size and number through the cell cycle.

Dissociative ionization of H₂ molecules by the combination of a phase-locked attosecond laser pair and a few-cycle NIR laser shows that ion–photoelectron entanglement influences electronic coherence in H₂⁺, allowing control over the degree of entanglement by varying the delay between the pulses.

N-desethyl-fluornitrazene is a µ-opioid receptor agonist derived from nitazenes that has supramaximal intrinsic efficacy that produces analgesia with minimal adverse effects in rodent models.

As quantum simulations advance, improving classical methods for modelling quantum systems remains crucial as they provide key benchmarks for quantum simulators. Here the authors present a scalable tensor-network algorithm for simulating open quantum systems, addressing key limitations of existing approaches.

Lasers find ubiquitous use in physics due to their coherence, spectral purity and high intensity. Here, authors create a two-mode thermomechanically squeezed phonon laser in an optical levitation system by combining nonlinear damping with parametric modulation of the coupling between two oscillation modes.

A new method for performing genome-wide fine-mapping with functional annotations outperforms current methods across several metrics, including error control, mapping power, resolution, precision, replication rate and cross-ancestry phenotype prediction.

A large-scale study on the replicability of claims from social and behavioural science journals reports that about half of the results replicate in the same patterns as the original study.

Femtosecond laser pulse-induced coherent helicity switching of magnetic vortices in permalloy disks on picosecond timescales is reported.

The secondary neuroinflammatory immune response determines the overall clinical outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, the authors show in a mouse TBI model that NF-kB activation in astrocytes is a pathological mechanism limiting beneficial CNS wound healing.

Floquet engineering is emerging as a tool to control quantum materials. Here it is applied using non-resonant optical fields to coherently dress Hubbard excitons in Sr₂CuO₃, driving wavefunction rotations between bright and dark states.

This study demonstrates that overexpression of irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed mice by increasing local IL-33 production and preserving ST2⁺ regulatory T cells in white adipose tissues.

In schistosomiasis-endemic regions, the cyclical nature of infection and treatment complicates understanding of host immune responses. Repeated controlled human Schistosoma mansoni infection, designed to reflect the reinfection cycles common in endemic areas, shows that repeated exposure induces mixed worm-specific CD4⁺ T cell responses similar to those seen in endemic infection.

Variation in responses to bacterial and viral stimuli between Batwa rainforest hunter-gatherers and Bakiga agriculturalists from Uganda suggests population-level divergence under natural selection, with hunter-gatherers disproportionately showing signatures of positive selection.

How embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells proliferate while maintaining multipotency remains unclear. Here they show that Bnip3lb-regulated mitophagy reduces ROS levels, enabling sustained HSPC proliferation.

Analysis of sequencing data from rare disease cohorts identifies biallelic variants in RNU2-2 underlying a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy associated with reduced U2-2 abundance and clinically distinct from the dominant RNU2-2 disorder.

Self-oscillators are critical in various natural and engineered systems, as they enable complex collective behaviors through interactions among individual units. This study demonstrates that populations of Quincke colloids-self-oscillators whose back-and-forth motion defines both a phase and a nematic oscillation axis-can achieve a form of collective order, termed synchronematic order, characterized by hydrodynamic interactions that synchronize their oscillation phases and align their orientations.

MsbA mediates the transport of lipopolysaccharide across the inner membrane. Here, the authors show specific MsbA-lipid interactions can tune the selectivity for binding ATP over ADP and present five structures of MsbA with one bound to lipid.

Machine learning is used to understand emissions of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from the Southern Ocean. Low-pressure storms are found to drive emissions, leading to a revised picture of marine greenhouse gas cycling

Longitudinal tracking of mice reveals that stable, specialized social roles emerge spontaneously within groups during a foraging task, with dopaminergic activity in the ventral tegmental area driving sex-divergent patterns of specialization.

Initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) may influence long-term viral persistence, yet its enduring effects remain unclear. Here, Pasternak and colleagues demonstrate that temporary ART started early in infection reduces HIV-1 proviral diversity and monocyte activation, and sustains lower levels of viral persistence markers, suggesting a lasting suppressive impact on the HIV-1 reservoir.

The roles of orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex in emotional decisions remain unclear. Here the authors show distinct timing between caudal orbitofrontal and cingulate signals, that orbitofrontal stimulation increases avoidance, and that physiological responses mirror behavior.

Androgen activity in the male embryonic hindbrain prolongs hindbrain differentiation in male individuals and drives sex differences in the incidence and prognosis of posterior fossa type A (PFA) ependymoma, an aggressive childhood brain tumour.

Ageing reprograms the evolutionary trajectory of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma, limiting primary tumour growth while promoting metastatic dissemination through epigenetic activation of the integrated stress response, and a therapeutic opportunity in older patients is revealed.

In patients with acute heart failure, personalized dosing of a diuretic led to treatment intensification in the majority of patients and improved natriuresis, but had no effects on time to all-cause mortality or heart failure rehospitalization.

Operating cavity-based spectrometers at low temperature has several advantages, such as improved sensitivity. Now, a cavity-enhanced spectrometer is demonstrated down to 4 K.

An analysis of whole-exome sequencing data linked to longitudinal electronic health records from 44,028 British South Asians finds new gene–phenotype associations and identifies 2,991 genes with rare biallelic predicted loss-of-function genotypes.

Recent work reported plasmon-assisted tunneling in a double quantum dot coupled to a plasmon mode in a quantum Hall plasmon resonator. Here, the authors leverage this system to achieve broadband dispersive readout of a semiconductor charge qubit formed by a double quantum dot.

Data storage using proteins offers high capacity and stability, however, expressing unnatural proteins with random sequences often fails. Here the authors encode digital data into amino acid sequences based on collagen-like protein templates to allow stable data storage and retrieval.

Soft electrostatic actuators are crucial for advancing robotic systems that require adaptability and safety in unstructured environments. This study introduces ultralight soft electrostatic actuators utilizing solid-liquid-gas architectures, achieving significant improvements in power-to-weight ratio and actuation speed, exemplified by a 60% increase in jump height in a jumping robot compared to traditional designs.

Observational data reveal a delicate interplay between supermassive black holes, their host galaxies and their large-scale environments that is not reproduced by cosmological simulations.

The authors have applied an eight-tissue rat multi-omic dataset to analyze the gene regulatory landscape of endurance exercise training, identifying tissue-specific regulatory patterns involved in muscle function, metabolism and immune response.

Effective axion fields emerge in a variety of condensed matter and photonic structures. Here, the authors predict a distinct dual axion response arising in metamaterials and, potentially, some condensed matter systems and captured by electrodynamics with magnetic charge.

Polar chromosomes in human cells are prone to late alignment and segregation errors. Here, the authors show that spindle elongation rescues them by repositioning astral microtubules via a pivoting mechanism, which is often impaired in cancer cells.

Quantum simulations of the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics faces hard challenges, such as having to prepare mixed states and enforcing the non-Abelian gauge symmetry constraints. Here, the authors show how to solve the two above problems in a trapped-ion device using motional ancillae and charge-singlet measurements.

Robustness checks and reproduction of analyses with existing and updated data based on 110 articles in economics and political science journals with data and code-sharing requirements found high levels of robustness and reproducibility and determined that robustness was not dependent on author characteristics or data availability.

A study investigating the emergence of squamous tumours in the upper gastrointestinal tract of the mouse shows that an initial tumour stress response triggers fibroblasts to remodel the underlying stroma, creating a fibronectin-rich precancerous niche that supports tumour survival.

A study of reproducibility in a stratified random sample of 600 papers published from 2009 to 2018 in 62 journals spanning the social and behavioural sciences finds higher reproducibility among more recent papers and papers from journals that require data sharing.

Soil fauna is an important but often neglected component of terrestrial food webs. Here the authors use a large dataset of stable isotope observations to analyse how soil animal trophic diversity varies across climates and land-use types and identify potential biotic mechanisms.

The analysis of the energy spectrum of 36 million tritium β-decay electrons recorded in 259 measurement days within the last 40 eV below the endpoint challenges the Neutrino-4 claim.

In a prospective multi-centre cohort in China, people living in areas of high soil selenium had a 35% increased risk of incident diabetes over a 3-year study period, with a stronger effect seen for men.

Pangenomic and epidemiological analyses reveal a genetic shift in U.S. Salmonella Hadar populations during 2019–20, driven by expansion of a lineage carrying a prophage-like element that likely arose in commercial poultry and spread to backyard flocks.

Climate change can alter when and how animals grow, breed, and migrate, but it is unclear whether this allows populations to persist. This global study shows that shifts in seasonal timing are key to helping vertebrate species maintain population growth under global warming.

The famous nebula Barnard 68 has been used as a giant cosmic-ray detector: cosmic-ray-excited vibrational H₂ emission has been observed by JWST, giving a direct measurement of the CR ionization rate.

The authors propose wave-mixing cathodoluminescence, where laser-electron wave mixing in a nonlinear optical cavity upconverts low-frequency molecular resonances into visible photons, enabling nanoscale fingerprinting with visible light sources and detectors.

In this study, the authors uncover how diverse inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala flexibly contribute to fear and safety learning, revealing a key role for inhibition in emotional memory and adaptive circuit plasticity.