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DNA methylation and copy number variant analyses across a large number of genetic mouse models of pediatric brain tumors reveal subtype-specific molecular alterations shared with the corresponding human diseases.

After spinal cord injury, lesion-remote astrocytes acquire heterogeneous, spatially restricted reactivity states that shape neuroinflammation, neural repair and neurological recovery.

Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. Here, the authors evaluate the efficacy and safety of an outer-membrane vesicle vaccine in macaques and demonstrate that it prevents lung pathology.

A statistical method to quantify crystallographic textures in aluminum alloys under additive manufacturing conditions is introduced. Experiments and simulations reveal interfacial energy anisotropy dominates texture selection and grain competition.

The study finds elevated CO₂ reduces methylmercury production across 45 freshwater lakes spanning 1200 longitudinal kilometers, specifically 54–96% in eutrophic ones, by shifting methanogenic pathways, highlighting the need to integrate climate drivers for methylmercury risk predictions.

Genomic coupling theory predicts that speciation progress involves the buildup of genomic associations that manifest in aggregate barriers to gene flow. This study develops approaches to quantify genomic coupling and applies them to a rattlesnake hybrid zone.

Generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe type of psoriasis characterized by epidermal neutrophil infiltration and potentially life-threatening flares. Here the authors use single cell and spatial transcriptomic analysis of skin samples implicating contact between IL36G+ keratinocytes and neutrophils as well as ligand-receptor interactions of fibroblasts with T cells, neutrophils or macrophages.

Electron tomography enables high-resolution 3D imaging but is limited by radiation sensitivity. Here, the authors demonstrate a phase retrieval method using multiple tilted HRTEM focal series, achieving 1.6 Å resolution with improved dose efficiency and elemental sensitivity.

Measurements of carbon fluxes and wood phenology are used to assess carbon sources from photosynthesis and their sink into woody growth along a thermal gradient. The authors show that stem growth advances slower than photosynthesis per degree Celsius, creating a phenological mismatch for carbon.

Tools to identify who will develop Crohn’s disease in the future are limited. Here, the authors develop and validate a proteomics-based model that predicts disease onset up to 16 years before clinical diagnosis.

Non-invasive imaging of articular cartilage has evolved markedly and can be used to monitor response to treatment and predict disease outcomes. This Review provides rheumatologists with a comprehensive update on current and emerging imaging and analysis techniques for the assessment of cartilage.

How myelin plays a role in long-range processing of disparate inputs remains elusive. Here, the authors show that myelin loss within the neocortex reduces the reliability to propagate cortical bursts across axons, causing an impaired temporal sharpening to compute sensory and cortical signals within the thalamus.

It is unclear which aspects of experience shape sleep’s contributions to learning. Here, by combining neural recordings in rats with reinforcement learning, the authors show that reward-prediction signals support sleep-dependent learning over multiple days.

T cell immunity declines with thymic atrophy, but thymic cell grafts rescue T cell function.

Minetti, Omrani et al. report that delayed intestinal regeneration results from protein homeostasis stress and can be improved by modulation of the polyamine pathway dynamics.

Insects are declining in many regions. Here the authors show that arthropod biomass losses in Jena Experiment and Biodiversity Exploratories time series are driven more by species loss than by species identity and abundance declines, and are mitigated by high plant diversity and low land-use intensity.

Long COVID has heterogeneous presentation and clinical trajectories are not well defined. Here, the authors define trajectories using data from a prospective cohort study in the United States involving symptom questionnaires from acute infection up to 15 months.

Variable New Antigens Receptors (VNARs) from shark antibodies possess a unique molecular dexterity that allows them to access epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Here, the authors use crystallography to investigate how two VNARs selectively engage soluble TNF-alpha.

89ZED88082A is a zirconium-89-labeled one-armed anti-CD8α antibody for the non-invasive whole-body visualization of CD8 + T-cells by positron emission tomography (PET). Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 study of 89ZED88082A for whole-body CD8 + T-cell PET imaging in patients with large B-cell lymphoma before and during CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy.

In Li-mediated electrochemical N₂ reduction to ammonia, selectivity and activity are governed by the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This study reveals how the applied potential shapes the SEI properties and composition, thereby influencing reaction performance.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies of aortic stenosis identify more than 200 independent risk loci and provide insights into its genetic architecture.

A machine-learning-based computational approach to probe pathway coessentiality reveals that complex II of the electron transport chain regulates de novo purine synthesis, and can be targeted to treat acute myeloid leukaemia.

Ion diffusion region is an indicator of active magnetic reconnection, but it had not been detected in Jupiter’s magnetosphere previously. Here, the authors show a magnetic reconnection event in Jupiter’s inner magnetosphere that presents the detection of an ion diffusion region.

The bacterial genotoxin colibactin induces DNA interstrand cross-links which pose a barrier to DNA replication. Here, the authors use Xenopus egg extracts to show that the Fanconi anemia pathway is responsible for repairing these cross-links.

This study uses climate model experiments and shows that radiative heating from the presence of clouds can substantially increase the frequency of Euro-Atlantic atmospheric blocking, highlighting the need to better represent cloud-radiation interactions for improved prediction of extreme weather.

Microflora Danica—an atlas of Danish environmental microbiomes—reveals that although human-disturbed habitats have high alpha diversity, species reoccur, revealing hidden homogeneity.

Riechmann et al. uncover structural features governing ubiquitin transfer from ubiquitin-activating E1 enzymes UBA1 and UBA6 to specific E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, revealing a hierarchy of E2 activity with cognate E1s.

The authors show that the CD4 mimetic CJF-III-288 stabilizes HIV-1 Env in an asymmetric “open” State-3 conformation, guiding anti-CoRBS antibodies to boost ADCC against infected cells and delay viral rebound in vivo, underscoring therapeutic promise.

GIRK channels are activated by Gβγ; quantitative aspects are debatable. Here, the authors measure interaction affinities in living cell membranes and uncover roles of Gγ prenylation and a Gβγ docking site in GIRK1 in efficient channel activation.

Jin et al. discovered Atlantic grey seal milk contains 332 complex sugars, including 166 novel structures. Seal milk rivals human milk complexity, includes giant molecules up to 28 sugar units, changes during lactation, and shows immune-boosting effects.

This study demonstrates that brain functional network imbalance appears linked to progressive brain atrophy and cognitive decline across the dementia spectrum.

HTLV-1 type-C causes more severe disease than type-A, but the underlying reason is unclear. Here the authors show in a macaque model how type-C orf-I affects lung pathogenesis and the immune response to HTLV-1, providing a model to test viral targets for disease prevention.

Here the authors provide an explanation for 95% of examined predicted loss of function variants found in disease-associated haploinsufficient genes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), underscoring the power of the presented analysis to minimize false assignments of disease risk.

The ExoSloNano system facilitates nanogold probe-based labeling of specific proteins of a wide range of sizes in live cells for cryo-electron tomography and correlative light and electron microscopy studies.

The International Brain Laboratory presents a brain-wide electrophysiological map obtained from pooling data from 12 laboratories that performed the same standardized perceptual decision-making task in mice.

Here, with metagenomic analyses on longitudinal samples collected from 195 mother-infant pairs, the authors show that the breast milk microbiome contributes to infant gut assembly through bacterial strain sharing and antimicrobial resistance gene overlap during the first six months of life.

Variation in SARS-CoV-2 viruses results in newly emergent virus lineages. Here, the authors characterize the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines, adapted to two SARS-CoV-2 lineages, JN.1 and KP.2, measure responses elicited by these vaccines against contemporary and older SARS-CoV-2 variants in naive and antigen experienced animal models and describe the biophysical and structural properties of the spike proteins expressed by these vaccines.

The authors find that TDP-43 loss of function—the pathology defining the neurodegenerative conditions ALS and FTD—induces novel mRNA polyadenylation events, which have different effects, including an increase in RNA stability, leading to higher protein levels.

Surgical menopause occurs in premenopausal women who undergo radical cystectomy with bilateral oophorectomy to treat bladder cancer. This Review discusses the pathophysiology of surgical menopause in these patients and highlights current strategies to mitigate associated symptoms and long-term health risks.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe fibrotic disease that affects multiple organs, driven by vascular damage, inflammation and dysregulated repair. The authors of this Review explore the key mechanisms that promote fibrosis in SSc and highlight emerging therapeutic targets.

Femtosecond photoexcitation drives a coherent twist–untwist motion of the moiré superlattice in 2° and 57° twisted WSe₂/MoSe₂ heterobilayers.

Here, the authors investigate chromatin-based gene regulation in the closest relative of animal, choanoflagellates. They uncover a putative dual role for the histone modification H3K27me3 in regulating of protein-coding genes during differentiation and transposable elements.

Electronic health records are a rich source of clinical data but identifying associations with outcomes is complex. Here, the authors propose a modelling framework ‘InfEHR’ that identifies patient trajectories in electronic health records and generates a likelihood for clinical phenotypes.