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Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a complex condition with varied definitions. Using unbiased clustering, the study identifies two distinct subtypes with markedly different 30-day mortality risks and highlights key determinants.

Natural variation in the promoter of OsTPS8 contributes to differences in grain chalkiness and seed vigor between indica and japonica rice subspecies by altering trehalose-6-phosphate biosynthesis and α-amylase levels.

Papaya is a trioecious species with XX females, XY males, and XY^h hermaphrodites, and the combination of Y and Y^h chromosomes is lethal. Here, the authors identify the degeneration of the YY lethality gene on the Y chromosome as the causal balancing lethal factor that reenforces dioecy and stabilizes balanced sex ratios.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

Managing heat in electronics is particularly challenging under variable operating conditions. Here, the authors develop a dynamic method to regulate the heat transfer path on demand using a magnetic field, achieving a 1.8-fold change in thermal resistance to stabilize device temperature.

A percolating interaction between antipolar regions and engineered defect pairs facilitates antipolar rotations, enabling superior energy storage performance in AgNbO₃-based ceramics.

Fast reendothelialisation of vascular grafts is important for maintain patency. Here, the authors report on a vascular graft that regenerates the neo-adventitia with lymphatic endothelial cells, which increases the recruitment of circulatory progenitor cells, achieving 90% patency in small-diameter arterial grafts.

Formamidinium lead iodide perovskite holds promise for high-efficiency solar cells, but the kinetic instability of its α-phase crystallization remains an issue. He et al. report a strategy for directing the crystallization process in a n-i-p architecture and champion power conversion efficiency of 26.18%.

DNA demethylation enzyme TET1 is a known oncogene in leukemia. Here, the authors discover that TET1 is involved in GPX4-dependent and -independent ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia via the regulation of GSH synthesis enzyme GCLC and BH4 synthesis enzyme GCH1.

Unambiguous identification of double-strangeness hypernuclei is a challenging task in nuclear physics. Here, the AUs demonstrate identification of 13ΛΛ-B hypernuclei from an AI pipeline applied to the analysis of nuclear emulsion data from the JPARC-E07 experiment.

Hyperbolic paraboloid molecules possess unique physicochemical properties. However, their controlled organization into well-defined superstructures remains challenging. Here, the authors report a macrocycle with hyperbolic paraboloid topology as building blocks to self-assemble a series of two-dimensional superstructures with four-level hierarchy in a controlled hierarchical manner.

A non-coplanar axially chiral molecular contact favours the crystalline growth of perovskite film and improves interfacial stability in perovskite solar cells. Small-area devices yield a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.44% and maintain 98% of it after 2,000 hours of operation.

The authors reconcile the conflict between polarization and hysteresis by confining polarization response of non-polar nanoclusters in high-entropy relaxors, thus improving the energy storage properties of multilayer ceramic capacitors.

AI models consume growing amounts of energy. Here, the authors introduce a brain-inspired way to prune connections in randomly weighted resistive-memory chips, boosting accuracy while avoiding costly analog tuning to improve general efficiency and reduce power use.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

The existence of a long-lived, prethermal regime in many-body systems with tunable heating rates, driven by structured random protocols, is observed using a 78-qubit superconducting quantum processor.

Emu3 enables large-scale text, image and video learning based solely on next-token prediction, matching the generation and perception performance of task-specific methods, with implications for the development of scalable and unified multimodal intelligence systems.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Quantum low-density parity-check error correction codes are anticipated to deliver high performance, but require long-range qubit–qubit interactions. Two of these error correction codes have now been successfully implemented on a superconducting device.

Controllable and scalable phase transition of transition metal chalcogenides is challenging. Using in situ microscopic analysis, a non-stoichiometric phase transition from PdTe₂ to PdTe is observed on the atomic scale, providing mechanistic insights into the scalable phase engineering of transition metal chalcogenide films and heterostructures.

Chen et al. identify a brain-to-bone communication axis whereby extracellular vesicles from aged brain neurons transport WDFY1 protein to distal bone, driving bone-fat imbalance and promoting osteoporosis.

Here they show that high blood sugar drives neutrophils to release 4-GBA, a Pad4 byproduct that blocks bone-forming stem cells. A peptide gel that traps 4-GBA restores jawbone healing in rats, rabbits and dogs, suggesting a local, immune-sparing therapy.

Bronchiectasis and asthma can co-exist in the same patient, and the characteristics may be different from bronchiectasis alone. Here the authors characterise the function of ILC3 cells and how IL-17C potentiates IL-17A expression promoting a neutrophil dominated asthma endotype in mouse bronchiectasis-asthma models.

Tang, Chen, Qian et al. present a multimodal, interpretable dimension reduction framework called SpaHDmap, which leverages histology images and enhances the resolution of spatial transcriptomics, thus enabling the dissection of complex tissue structures.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

The selective production of para-xylene via CO₂ hydrogenation coupled with toluene methylation offers a promising route for sustainable carbon utilization. Here, the authors introduce a tandem catalyst that combines efficient CO₂ hydrogenation with shape-selective toluene methylation, achieving 91% xylene selectivity at a toluene conversion of 10.3%.

Next-generation autonomous systems call for robust perception capabilities in diverse environments. Dun et al. report an ultraviolet-to-mid-infrared photosynapse array with 65,536 pixels and efficient in situ processing capabilities for dynamic trajectory recognition under challenging conditions.

Dissolved oxygen levels in the Proterozoic surface ocean decreased from the Equator towards the mid–high latitudes, the opposite of the modern latitudinal gradient, according to a compilation of I/Ca proxy records and Earth system modelling.

Van Hove singularities in crystals and the boson peak in glasses are both deviations from the Debye theory of phonons. A unified model for the vibrational density of states now shows when these two phenomena have distinct phononic origins.

This work introduces a high FA⁺ configurational entropy strategy by adding 2NTD, tuning FA⁺ rotation dynamics and stabilizing photoactive phases to yield efficient, stable inverted perovskite devices with scalable potential.

Obtaining phosphorescent polymers at high temperatures is desirable, but molecular motion quenches emission. Here, the authors report a compression-sensitive epoxy resin doped with dyes for high temperature phosphorescence.

Industrial-level electrochemical two-electron oxygen reduction reaction is promising for H₂O₂ production but lacks efficient catalysts. Here, the authors design a heterostructure catalyst for efficient H₂O₂ electrosynthesis at ampere-level current densities.

A flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell making use of a dual-buffer layer comprising a compact SnO_x layer deposited first followed by a loose SnO_x layer is described, showing efficiencies rivalling rigid counterparts and good durability.

Positive glacial regulatory processes could mitigate approximately 236–255 gigatonnes of glacier water loss across High Mountain Asia in the 21st century, representing about 9%–13% of total mass loss, according to glacier water balance modelling.

Rosmarinol quinone (RQ) induces β-catenin phase separation, suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumorigenesis. Abroquinone (albumin–RQ complex) was developed for targeted delivery and improved biosafety.

Here the authors report NiGa₂O_4–x(OH)_y for light-driven CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. The surface Lewis acid–base pairs and -OH groups act as conduits for H^- /H⁺ transport to active sites, enhancing photocatalytic methanol production.

Despite long-standing theoretical predictions in graphene, observation of satellite Dirac cones surrounding a central linear cone is elusive. Here, the authors report their observation in phononic crystals by designing dominant third-nearest-neighbor couplings.

Surface reconstruction during reactions often generates unique active sites that boost catalytic performance. Here, the authors show that supported Ni₃InC₀.₅ nanoparticles undergo CO₂-induced surface oxidation, forming defective In₂O₃₋ₓ layers and inverse In₂O₃₋ₓ/Ni interfaces during CO₂ hydrogenation.

Metastatic cancer cells rely on metabolic flexibility to survive. Here, the authors show that metastatic breast cancer cells use lactate for mitochondrial oxidation via the CD147/MCT1/LDHB complex to sustain stemness and promote metastasis.