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Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder with its underlying protein changes generally not well understood. Here, authors show widespread alterations in the prefrontal cortex, marked by reduced energy production and disrupted synaptic function.

Sheep producers face growing expectations to produce more food, conserve biodiversity, stay profitable and cut emissions. The authors find that interventions work best when addressing underperforming environmental, economic, or psychological areas.

Two nationwide randomized controlled trials in England with over 4 million participants found that text messages highlighting that people had reached the ‘top of the queue’ increased COVID-19 vaccination rates.

Nylon-11 is a common and durable polymer but possess low piezoelectric properties. Here, the authors use mechanical accelerations and strong electric fields to induce crystallization, hydrogen-bonding and dipole alignment in Nylon-11 films, achieving high piezoelectricity.

Sleep-active physiological processes enhance overnight glymphatic clearance of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers into plasma in humans, supporting the critical role of glymphatic function in Alzheimer’s pathophysiology and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Five-year survival data and biomarker analysis of the PRADO extension cohort of the phase 2 OpACIN-neo trial, in which patients with high-risk stage III melanoma received neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab and underwent pathologic response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy, show 71% event-free survival and 88% overall survival, with tumor mutational burden, IFNγ signature and PD-L1 expression associated with favorable outcomes.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Natural Killer cells are key mediators of anti-tumour immunosurveillance and anti-viral immunity. Here, the authors map regulatory genetic variation in primary Natural Killer cells, providing new insights into their role in human health and disease.

Kinematic measurements of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveal two drivers of gas motions: a small-scale driver in the inner core associated with black-hole feedback and a large-scale driver in the outer core powered by mergers.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Human genetic loci that associate with composition of the oral microbiome are identified using saliva-derived DNA, where the same host genetics also shapes oral health and genetic variation in oral bacteria.

Estimating respiratory infection rates in the community is challenging as testing is usually limited to people with more severe infections. Here, the authors develop a statistical method to estimate infection rates using data from a community survey that performed lateral flow testing in England and Scotland in 2023-24.

This study identifies key neurocognitive domains that distinguish patients with schizophrenia from healthy individuals using machine learning. Analyzing data from 1,304 participants, it demonstrates that verbal learning and emotion identification effectively classify conditions, promoting efficient neurocognitive profiling strategies.

2D p-type transistors are essential for the realization of complementary circuits for post-silicon electronics. Here, the authors report a chloroform doping strategy to fabricate p-type monolayer WSe₂ transistors with high performance and long-term stability.

Active galactic nuclei are surrounded by a dusty and molecular disk that fuels supermassive black holes and connects them to their host galaxies. Here, the authors show with JWST interferometric observations that most of the dust in the Circinus galaxies lies in a compact disk, while only a tiny fraction traces hot outflowing material.

An alternative mating system, termed parasex, produces progeny with high levels of genotypic diversity and is able to fulfil the roles of meiosis when it is absent in the fungal pathobiont Candida albicans.

Ribas and colleagues report the results of a phase 2 clinical trial of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in patients with surgically resectable desmoplastic melanoma.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

Affinity-proteomics platforms often yield poorly correlated measurements. Here, the authors show that protein-altering variants drive a portion of inter-platform inconsistency and that accounting for genetic variants can improve concordance of protein measures and phenotypic associations across ancestries.

This study uses single-cell DNA sequencing to analyze genomic evolution in pancreatic cancer using a cohort of multiregionally and longitudinally sampled patients’ tissues across various clinical contexts.

An in-depth analysis of tissue biopsies from patients with multiple myeloma and CAR T cell therapy-associated immune-related adverse events (CirAEs) after treatment with commercial BCMA-targeted CAR T cell therapy shows that CD4⁺ CAR T cells mediate off-tumor toxicities and that high CD4:CD8 ratio at apheresis, robust early CAR T cell expansion, ICANS and ciltacabtagene autoleuce treatment are independently associated with the development of CirAEs.

Bioactive sesquiterpenes accumulating in petunia stigmas are synthesized in the floral tube and then transported to the pistil via natural fumigation within the internal airspace of the developing flower.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

This research developed and compared firearm-specific and method-agnostic machine-learning models using data from 800,579 Army veterans, revealing that model choice and intervention thresholds impact predictive accuracy and fairness, guiding tailored suicide prevention efforts.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Chan and colleagues report that tumor ecosystem and microbiome features are associated with response to anti-PD-L1 avelumab plus chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer.

Combining high-resolution mapping of foliar and herbivore faecal sodium concentrations across Africa, the authors show that plant-derived sodium availability constrains megaherbivore densities at a continental scale.

Giles et al. developed a method for noninvasive absorbance measurement of mitochondrial hemes to monitor the mitochondrial membrane potential in the perfused heart. They then applied this approach to show how the mitochondrial membrane potential changed during cardiac ischemia.

A model trained to generate spatial proteomics profiles and predict the expression of 40 biomarkers directly from histopathology slides is shown to improve survival and treatment response prediction in patients with lung cancer.

ALMA has captured exquisitely detailed images of bowshock shells in the outflow of an outbursting protostar. These provide important insights into the variable nature of the ejections from protostars, which play a key role in star and planet formation.

Complex infectious conditions, such as sepsis, requires rapid assessment of both pathogens and host responses. Here, the authors develop MIDAS, an assay platform that profiles bacterial RNA and inflammatory proteins simultaneously in under 4 hours.

The 2022 global mpox outbreak underscored the challenge of distinguishing between monkeypox virus infection and vaccination-induced immunity due to cross-reactive antibodies. Here, the authors develop a machine learning-assisted serological assay that differentiates MPXV infection from vaccination, achieving 88% specificity and 92% sensitivity, paving the way for seroepidemiological studies with improved resolution.

Imputation of genotypes is central to genetic studies but remains limited for several data types. Here the authors present QUILT2, a scalable and read-aware method that enables imputation from short reads, long reads, and cell-free DNA from non-invasive prenatal testing.

Badkul et al. develop eMOSAIC, a method that improves drug discovery by accurately predicting the interaction mechanics of various compounds with multiple proteins.

Epigenetic clocks estimate biological age and health risks. Here, the authors compare 14 clocks in 18,859 individuals, showing second-generation clocks better predict disease incidence and mortality, particularly for respiratory and liver-related conditions.

The number of qubits needed for Shor’s factoring algorithm scales with the size of the integer to be factored. Here, the authors propose an alternative approach that would require only three harmonic oscillators and a qubit, regardless of the size of the integer, but incurring in an extensive energy cost.

Here the authors develop a blood-based proteomic Smoking Index (pSIN) that accurately detects smoking exposure and predicts the risk of mortality and 18 major diseases, offering a molecular measure of smoking-related biological damage and recovery.

In single-particle cryo-EM, datasets often contain molecules that exist in a heterogeneous mix of states. Here, the authors compare different computational tools to study this heterogeneity and derive metrics to quantitatively compare their results.

The impact of tumour heterogeneity on metastatic potential in prostate cancer remains poorly understood. Here, the analysis of single nuclei RNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing from samples from five patients suggests an interplay between clonal evolution and cellular plasticity driving metastatic seeding.

Norovirus genotype GII.17 has been linked with a recent increase in cases in Europe and the Americas. Here, the authors investigate the genetic diversity and mutational patterns, and phenotypic differences associated with the recent circulating strain.

Triacetic acid lactone (TAL) is a platform chemical with a wide range of applications. Here, the authors report the discovery of a polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase from Burkholderia sp. RF2-non_BP3, termed as BktBbr, which has unusually high in vivo and in vitro activity for production of TAL.

In this study, authors employ fragment-based lead discovery to identify WRN inhibitors. The fragment hits reveal an additional allosteric pocket and uncover a previously uncharacterized structural conformation of the WRN helicase domain with unique orientations of the ATPase domains

The mechanisms generating the head direction cell signal in rats are not fully understood. Here, two distinct types of head direction cells in the lateral mammillary and dorsal tegmental nuclei were identified: one type is angular head velocity independent, while the second type depends on the animal’s angular head velocity.