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Changes in ocean fronts could impact biological productivity and carbon exchange. By analysing satellite and reanalysis data, the authors identify areas with active frontal activity and rapid change in properties, as well as highlighting the correspondence with surface productivity and CO₂ uptake.

A bacterial reverse transcriptase synthesizes polydeoxyadenylate to provide population-level immunity against viral infection.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

This work developed an all-fibre-coupled THz reflection single-pixel imaging system capable of real-time, in vivo, and in situ imaging. It achieves a five-fold improvement in throughput over the state of the art, reaching 30,000 pixels per second.

Spiking neural networks are generally used for sequential information and event data processing but still lack high performance. Through algorithm and hardware co-design, Zhang et al. report a State Space Model based approach to implement on compute-in memory hardware, enabling asynchronous and real-time processing capability with high energy efficiency for event sequences.

Zhang et al. show that Egr1 regulates transient senescence during neonatal heart regeneration and upon agrin-mediated cardiac repair in adult mice, acting downstream of the integrin–FAK–ERK–Akt1 axis in cardiac fibroblasts.

Moral-Sanz, Fernández-Carrasco and colleagues identify senolytic properties of sea anemone-derived pore-forming toxins, with selectivity mediated by senescence-associated lipid profiles. An optimized senotoxin improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in mouse models.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Methods for developing machine learning models in medical imaging across multi-centre collaborations face important challenges, including technical burdens and privacy issues. Here, the authors introduce CATegorical and PHenotypic Image SyntHetic learnING - CATphishing - as an alternative to Federated Learning to generate synthetic multi-contrast 3D MRI data for downstream tasks.

A lifetime cartography of in vivo senescent cells shows that they are heterogeneous. Senescent cells create an aged-like inflamed niche that mirrors inflammation associated with ageing and arrests stem cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.

Previous study showed Zishen Yutai Pill improved pregnancy outcomes in in vitro fertilization. This study showed that Zishen Yutai Pill increased live birth rates in women aged 35–42 undergoing IVF.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Aberration of chromatin organisation is linked to cancer progression and cancer cell plasticity. Here, the authors investigate changes in chromatin state during the transition of cancer cells to cancer stem cells and, using a CTCF-cohesin contact reporter CRISPR screen, identify TLK2 as a driver of plasticity via regulation of chromatin loop formation.

The brain can flexibly perform multiple tasks by compositionally combining task-relevant neural representations.

Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at X-ray free-electron lasers is a powerful approach for studying macromolecular dynamics, but its widespread use is limited by high sample consumption. Here, the authors introduce a segmented-droplet mix-and-inject strategy at the European XFEL that reduces sample consumption by up to 97% while preserving the data quality required for time-resolved structural studies of the enzyme NQO1.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) demonstrate therapeutic benefits in multiple diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear as infused MSCs do not persist in the body. Here, the authors show that MSC apoptosis is an important mechanistic element, as MSCs rendered genetically incapable of apoptosis lose their ability to ameliorate disease.

This study provides prognostic models for clinical translation and reveals methylation biomarkers and mechanisms of CAD adverse outcomes.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

The authors use a machine learning approach and in situ pigment samples to identify summer shifts (1997–2023) in the abundance and composition of Antarctic phytoplankton. While smaller phytoplankton groups generally increased, diatom chlorophyll a broadly decreased, with putative impacts on food webs and the carbon sink.

Measurements of carbon fluxes and wood phenology are used to assess carbon sources from photosynthesis and their sink into woody growth along a thermal gradient. The authors show that stem growth advances slower than photosynthesis per degree Celsius, creating a phenological mismatch for carbon.

The extreme hot and dry conditions of 2023 reduced soil respiration and enhanced net forest carbon sequestration in Canada, offsetting wildfire emissions, according to satellite-based and in situ observations of CO₂ fluxes.

Negative refraction—light bending opposite to conventional refraction—and a hyperlens effect is observed in an excitonic system in the two-dimensional magnet CrSBr. The effect is mediated by the magnetic order of the material.

Triacetic acid lactone (TAL) is a platform chemical with a wide range of applications. Here, the authors report the discovery of a polyketoacyl-CoA thiolase from Burkholderia sp. RF2-non_BP3, termed as BktBbr, which has unusually high in vivo and in vitro activity for production of TAL.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

Marine darkwaves can be used to compare patterns and ecological consequences of episodic light reduction in marine ecosystems, according to application of the framework to both in situ and satellite based light irradiance data from California and New Zealand.

Chini et al. demonstrate that CD38⁺ expression in immune cells increases during aging, owing to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype of senescent cells, and the ecto-enzymatic activity of CD38⁺ affects intracellular NAD⁺ levels in vivo by hydrolyzing the NAD⁺ intermediate nicotinamide mononucleotide extracellularly.

Data collected from twenty-two equatorial moorings challenge the assumption that rain always makes the ocean lighter. Light rain tends to destabilize the ocean, whereas heavy rain has a stabilizing effect. Compared to daytime rain, night rain is more likely to cause instability.

Seufert et al. analyse chromatin accessibility to identify sites that open simultaneously in response to TNF. They discover two distinct types of co-accessible regulatory module for controlling the induction of proinflammatory gene expression.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Transfer of senescent cells into naive, young mice can induce physical dysfunction, and a senolytic can reverse this dysfunction and potently increase lifespan in aged mice.

Achieving fairness while preserving privacy in medical imaging tasks remains a significant challenge. Here, the authors present and comprehensively evaluate a federated learning framework to tackle both fairness and privacy issues, using a flexible regularization term to integrate multiple fairness criteria.

During senescence, minority mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization leads to the release of mtDNA into the cytosol through BAX and BAK macropores, in turn activating the cGAS–STING pathway, a major regulator of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.

There is an unmet medical need for endometrial cancer patients with mismatch-repair proficient disease. Here, the authors report the primary analysis of the FRUSICA-1 phase Ib/II trial evaluating fruquintinib plus sintilimab in this population, showing an ORR of 32.7%, a median PFS of 8.6 months, and manageable toxicity.

Authors present results from a national surveillance in Japan that found MRSA strains causing bloodstream infections are predominantly from three clonal lineages. They also identified the emergence of highest 30-day-mortality MRSA clone ST764-SCCmecII and traced its evolutionary path.

Senescent cells in fat and liver are shown to attract M1-like macrophages with increased expression of the NAD-consuming enzyme CD38, leading to their local accumulation and providing a mechanism for the age-associated decline in tissue NAD⁺ levels.

Skeletal muscle regeneration declines during aging but the underlying processes are incompletely understood. Here the authors generated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data from uninjured and injured muscles across mouse lifespan and observed age-specific immune cell dynamics and an elevation of senescent-like muscle stem cells in aged muscles.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease causing multisystem tumour growth. Here the authors analyse 111 TSC-associated tissues for TSC1/TSC2 status, DNA mutations, copy number aberrations, differential gene expression and DNA methylation patterns providing a comprehensive genomic landscape.

The impact of atomic substitution in sodium-layered oxides and how substitutions affect the properties and performances of battery materials are discussed, with the aim of improving sodium-layered oxides and accelerating the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries.

Here the authors have developed a superconducting microwave frequency comb that is fully integrated, easy to manufacture, and operates with ultra-low power consumption, and could significantly advance microwave photonics and quantum processor integration.

Strong air-sea interactions during atmospheric rivers often lead to modest upper ocean heat changes. The authors show that interior ocean dynamics are compensating for these air-sea exchanges. These findings can help improve subseasonal forecasts.

Using satellite ocean-color data, this study reveals a 20-year decline in plankton biomass in a major nitrogen-fixation hotspot, suggesting reduced nitrogen inputs and potential implications for global biogeochemical cycles and climate regulation.

Trained and validated on multimodal data from 14.5 million images from multicountry datasets, a foundation model is shown to increase diagnostic and referral accuracy of clinicians when used as an assistant in a trial involving 16 ophthalmologists and 668 patients.

ctDNA is a promising method to monitor tumor burden in triple negative breast cancer. Here, the authors show that ctDNA detection correlated with prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy but not at baseline.