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Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in multiple sclerosis uncovers dynamic antiviral immune activity, sex-based differences in damage and repair, and evolving myeloid-stromal cell interactions that correlate with disability development.

A protocol for the planning and implementation of magnetoencephalography experiments across nonclinical and clinical settings, including the methodological considerations required for designing multidisciplinary, population-based studies.

Cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2) are critical for heart contraction. Here, the authors use 3D MINFLUX microscopy to image receptor subunits and RyR2 orientation with nanometre resolution, thereby providing a molecular view of the organisation and clustering of these cardiac muscle receptors.

PU.1^low CD28-expressing microglia may act as suppressive cells in Alzheimer’s disease, mitigating its progression by reducing neuroinflammation and amyloid plaque load, indicating potential immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment.

Targeting neurons that regulate energy balance may offer new approaches for obesity treatment. Here, authors show that chemogenetic and pharmacological manipulation of GABAergic neurons in the DRN/vlPAG increases adaptive thermogenesis and reduces weight gain in mice fed a highfat diet.

Risk associated with genetically defined forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can propagate by means of transcriptional regulation to affect convergently dysregulated pathways, providing insight into the convergent impact of ASD genetic risk on human neurodevelopment.

Pseudotaxus is a sister genus to Taxus but lacks a complete taxane biosynthetic pathway. Here, the authors assemble the genome of P. chienii and reveal that the presence of a functional taxane 2α-O-benzoyl transferase in Taxus genus extends the existing taxane biosynthesis pathway into a complete Taxol biosynthesis pathway.

Chromatin structure is regulated by chemical modifications of histone proteins, but measuring these at single-cell resolution has been challenging. Here, the authors develop a mass spectrometry-based method to profile histone modifications in individual cells, revealing chromatin heterogeneity and differential co-regulation.

Lung adenocarcinomas bearing the ID2 mutational signature display increased LINE-1 retrotransposon activity, which contributes to their fast evolutionary dynamics and aggressive phenotype.

Clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential is driven by somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and may progress to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Here authors show that the two conditions share a similar pattern of bone marrow remodeling, characterized by the emergence of inflammatory mesenchymal stromal cells and IFN-responsive T cells, reinforcing their shared etio-pathology.

Adipose CoA handling is critical for lipid metabolism and homeostasis. Here, the authors identify TMEM120A as an ER-resident CoA binding protein enriched in adipocytes that promotes fatty acid recycling to support energy metabolism and limit lipotoxic stress, while its loss leads to adipose inflammation and metabolic dysfunction under high-fat diet conditions.

FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) is known as a repressor of Arabidopsis flowering. Here, the authors show that a single intronic substitution of FLM modulates leaf color and plant growth strategy along the leaf economics spectrum, as well as plays a role in plant adaptation.

Little millet is an orphan crop offering a promising yet underutilized option in the pursuit of food and nutritional security. Here, the authors report its genome assembly, and elucidate its recent tetraploid structure, sub-genome dominance, and the genetic basis for micronutrient content.

The reactivity and ligandability of arginine within the human proteome have been largely unexplored despite it being involved in various biological functions. Now, arginine reactivity and ligandability have been mapped across the proteome, revealing hyper-reactive sites and identifying residues that control liquid–liquid phase separation, protein activity and protein–protein interactions.

The Greenland shark, the longest-living vertebrate, inhabits the dim, frigid depths of the Arctic Ocean. Despite its extreme lifespan, this study finds that its vision remains intact and well-adapted for life in dim light, revealing remarkable preservation of sensory function across centuries.

The genetic mechanisms of why polyploid plants exhibit adaptive advantages over diploids are unclear. Here, the authors assemble the autotetraploid alfalfa genome, incorporate it into a pangenome analysis, and reveal the trade-off between adaptive advantages and evolutionary constraints mediated by tetra-copy core genes.

CRISPR gene targeting in multicellular organisms results in genetic mosaics, limiting knockout efficiency. Here, the authors develop an improved system using Cas12a with multiple guides per gene, and demonstrate high accuracy and superior knockout efficiency in fruit flies.

Bacterial biofilms include viscous extracellular polymeric matrices such as extracellular DNA (eDNA). Here, Mugunthan et al. show that protein RecA generates three-stranded nucleic acid structures known as R-loops, which contribute to formation of the viscoelastic eDNA matrix as part of bacterial stress responses.

CABLE harnesses cytoarchitectural information such as cell or nuclear shape to infer fiber tracts in the brain of, for example, marmosets, macaques or humans.

The role of protein UFMylation in cancer remains to be understood. Here, the authors show that UFM1-specific ligase 1 and AKT positively regulate each other through UFMylation and phosphorylation, facilitating lipid synthesis and breast tumor growth.

A clinical cohort-based biomarker study in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma demonstrates that blood levels of soluble mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 are prognostic for survival in patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors and may serve as a surrogate marker for gut dysbiosis based on integrated data from three clinical trials.

Volumetric Localization Microscopy (VLM) integrates light-field imaging with deep learning for high-fidelity 3D single-molecule imaging. Trained on system-aware PSFs, VLM offers simple, efficient, low-toxicity 3D imaging for biomedical research.

The selective autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 is organized in a structured double helical filament in vitro, the cryo-electron tomographic images in ATG5 knockdown conditions reveal Ca-rich layers of p62 oligomers enwrapping lipid droplets in situ.

Here the authors show that tissue-resident memory and exhausted T cells in tumors are distinct populations that are shaped by relative presence or absence of TCR signals, suggesting that a tailored therapeutic strategy is needed to target each subset.

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-based active arrays made by growing wafer-scale trilayer MoS₂ directly on a polyimidine substrate achieve high-fidelity spatiotemporal neuronal monitoring in vitro and in living mice.

In a retrospective case–control study of electronic health records, patients with bladder cancer and colour vision deficiency (CVD) had a 52% higher 20-year mortality risk than matched controls without CVD.

Artifact mutations from FFPE are a major barrier blocking WGS adoption in clinical oncology. FFPErase, a machine learning framework, eliminates these with high accuracy in multiinstitutional datasets, delivering clinical-grade variant reports.

The authors identify key enzymes, including four cytochrome P450s, a dehydrogenase and a sulfotransferase, that together build the core chemical scaffold of withanolides, medicinal compounds from ashwagandha with neurological and anti-cancer activities.

Whole-metagenome sequencing of 1,780 raw-material, end-product and surface samples from 113 food processing facilities reveals the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance determinants in foods and their processing environments.

The chimeric candidate Zika virus vaccine YF-ZIK has been previously shown to confer protection in mice after a single dose regimen. Here the authors further characterise the response to YF-ZIK and show induction of immunity and protection in non-human primates.

Wastewater-based surveillance tends to focus on specific pathogens. Here, the authors mapped the wastewater virome from 62 cities worldwide to identify over 2,500 viruses, revealing city-specific virome fingerprints and showing that wastewater metagenomics enables early detection of emerging viruses.

Neurodegenerative disorders remain poorly treated despite their growing disease burden. Here, authors developed a multiplexed screening platform that identified DNAJB6 as a modulator of condensate maturation and suppressor ALS/FTD-linked toxicity.

Measles virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) are still causing health impairments in humans and animals. Here, the authors develop a synthetic antibody protecting ferrets from lethal CDV infections, providing a roadmap for antiviral drug design.

Crystalline solvates have potential uses in pharmaceutical applications, but establishing physical stability is challenging. Here, the authors report the development of a screening method, controlled solvent activity liquid assisted grinding, for accurate mapping of solvate stability regions.

Climate change can alter when and how animals grow, breed, and migrate, but it is unclear whether this allows populations to persist. This global study shows that shifts in seasonal timing are key to helping vertebrate species maintain population growth under global warming.

Colourful patterns in two-dimensional lead halide perovskites are created by letting them self-etch into tiny squares that can template epitaxial growth.

The microbiota influences the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer but the impact on metastatic relapse is less clear. Here, the authors report that chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis induces systemic immune changes via production the microbial metabolite, indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), preventing metastases.

A cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of brainstem structures identify 713 associations. It reveals shared/distinct genetic architectures across ancestries/substructures and overlaps with neuropsychiatric disorders and physiological functions.

Utricle, a component of the inner ear vestibular system, is essential for balance. This study maps the cells and genes in the adult human utricle. It identifies distinct non-sensory cell types and reveals early responses to damage, providing insight into potential strategies for restoring balance.

Immune evasion mechanisms of initial HIV infection are incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that HIV rewires the glycosylation machinery of infected myeloid cells, forming a glycan shield that engages glyco-immune checkpoints and inhibits cell function, and thus targeted killing of infected cells.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

A large sulfur-bearing carbon ring molecule has been detected in space, 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-thione, using laboratory spectroscopy and a radio telescope. Found near the Galactic Centre, it opens the door to a new family of interstellar molecules.

Neural mechanisms mediating opioid-induced constipation are not fully understood. Here authors find that morphine-induced constipation is mediated by a neural circuit from the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and subsequently to the small intestine in male mice.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with side effects such as muscle wasting. Here, the authors discover that targeting cathepsin L not only suppresses ICI-induced CD8 + T cell-mediated muscle wasting but also enhances ICI anti-tumor efficacy.

Spatially variable surface-elevation changes across 40 global deltas using interferometric synthetic aperture radar are reported.

Non-Annex I countries—mostly developing countries under the UN climate framework—excluding China accounted for approximately 61% of hydrofluorocarbon emission growth during 2011–2020, while China’s emissions have been overestimated since 2017, according to atmospheric observational data and inverse modelling.

Here, the authors present archaeology of the Namorotukunan site in Kenya’s Turkana Basin that demonstrates adaptive shifts in hominin tool-making behaviour spanning 300,000 years and increasing environmental variability. They contextualize these findings with paleoenvironmental proxies, dating, and geological descriptions.

Fractal analysis of structural MRI captures the formation of brain shape in human newborns and outperforms other morphological measures in predicting infant age and genetic similarity, including the identification of twins from their brain data.

Here, the authors identify gene signatures tied to aggressive prostate cancer predicting poor outcomes. Further, they present data showing that early immune and metabolic shifts in normal-looking glands may signal increased relapse and metastasis risk.