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Genome evolutionary history of wild Arachis species remains unclear. Here, the authors report the origin of small chromosome A08 and genome evolution of Arachis species via comparative oligopainting and genomic analysis of A. hoehnei.

Han et al. present a very-large-scale 3D computing reservoir self-assembled from 1D WS₂ nanotubes, with dense mimetic optogenetic synapses matching a fruit fly’s brain. It efficiently handles monomodal and multimodal tasks, featuring optogenetics-inspired, light-tunable computing dynamics.

Dissipative many body systems provide quantum-enhanced sensitivity to external near gap-closing points. Here, the authors demonstrate record sensitivity in a Rydberg-atomic platform in correspondence of folded hysteresis trajectories under external microwave driving

AI models consume growing amounts of energy. Here, the authors introduce a brain-inspired way to prune connections in randomly weighted resistive-memory chips, boosting accuracy while avoiding costly analog tuning to improve general efficiency and reduce power use.

All-in-one computing, which merges sensing, linear computing, and nonlinear activation, is a critical goal for next-generation AI hardware. Here, Zhang et al. introduce a high-speed, reconfigurable split-floating-gate memory, enabling multi-function integration within a unified platform and hardware native neuromorphic processing.

Permselective and chemically stable membrane materials for molecular separation operating under harsh conditions are currently lacking. Here, the authors report a monomer–solvent dual engineering strategy that enables the synthesis of chemically robust thiazole linked polycrystalline covalent organic framework membranes via scalable for selective molecular separation.

Quantum low-density parity-check error correction codes are anticipated to deliver high performance, but require long-range qubit–qubit interactions. Two of these error correction codes have now been successfully implemented on a superconducting device.

The scaffold protein AXIN can promote the formation of two opposing complexes: the Wnt signalosome and a degradation complex that inhibits Wnt. Here, the authors show that mechanical compression and the presence/absence of Wnt ligand are inputs in a circuit that acts as a logic gate to control which complex is formed.

Using ancient DNA, isotopes and proteomics, this work reveals social inequality and mobility in Eastern Zhou China, showing female sacrifices, dietary disparities across classes, kinship networks among elites, and rare evidence of social mobility.

The Huayuan biota exhibits extraordinary biodiversity, illuminating the impact of the Phanerozoic mass extinction around 513 million years ago and offering critical insights into the transformation of global ecosystems in the early Cambrian.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Dai Zhang and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. They identify a new susceptibility locus at 11p11.2 and also identify a locus at 6p21-22.1 in the extended MHC region, which has previously been reported to be associated with schizophrenia in individuals of European descent.

Xuejun Zhang and colleagues report results of a genome-wide association study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese Han population. Their work identifies nine new SLE susceptibility loci and reveals overlap in the spectrum of risk alleles shared between Chinese Han and European populations.

The efficient low-temperature combustion of stable alkanes remains a major challenge in catalysis. Now it has been shown that a Pt–Nb dual-atom catalyst enables propane combustion through a distinct stepwise-boosting, current-assisted atomic relay mechanism, yielding complete conversion below 200 °C and a high turnover frequency.

A label-free imaging approach detects differences in NIR-II autofluorescence intensity between human liver malignancy and the adjacent tissue.

He, Teng and Yang et al. report how metformin, the widely used antidiabetic drug, inhibit its target, the respiratory complex I, through a distinct state-dependent, inhibitor trapping mechanism, thus providing the molecular basis for its superior clinical tolerance.

Researchers studied the blood-based metabolome of over 23,000 people from ten ethnically diverse cohorts. They identified 235 metabolites associated with future risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). By integrating genetic and modifiable lifestyle factors, their findings provide insights into T2D mechanisms and could improve risk prediction and inform precision prevention.

Antibiotic resistance is a growing global threat, yet the role of extracellular defence mechanisms remains underexplored. This study reveals that evolved extracellular polymeric substances act as a frontline shield, substantially boosting Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance, demonstrating their key but overlooked role in antibiotic resistance.

Genetic basis of the drought tolerance of upland rice is unclear. Here, the authors report the cloning of a COBRA-like protein encoding gene DROT1 and reveal that it is repressed by ERF3 and activated by ERF71 to help control the balance between growth and drought tolerance in upland rice.

SpatialZ generates virtual single-cell spatial transcriptomics slices between experimentally measured sections, enabling accurate and efficient building of 3D cell atlases of different tissues.

Atomically thin alloys are promising electrocatalysts but suffer from poor homogeneity. Here a multi-element metallene system is synthesized using an auto-catalytic method. The hexagonal close-packed intermetallic structure and isolated surface Ru–O₃ sites provide optimal adsorption of intermediates, contributing to high hydrogen oxidation activity and stability.

A general photocatalytic strategy is described to convert oxetanes into other useful molecules by selectively substituting the oxygen atom with a nitrogen-, sulfur- or carbon-based moiety, simplifying the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and complex drug analogues.

Volumetric Localization Microscopy (VLM) integrates light-field imaging with deep learning for high-fidelity 3D single-molecule imaging. Trained on system-aware PSFs, VLM offers simple, efficient, low-toxicity 3D imaging for biomedical research.

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids. Here, the authors conduct comparative genome analysis for 24 chromosome-level genome assemblies and genome skimming sequencing data for 204 species in this genus, and reveal genomic variation, biosynthesis and evolutionary adaptation in Dendrobium orchids.

Han et.al. report the isolation and characterization of two neutralizing antibodies, C34 and C37, from a convalescent CHIKV patient. These antibodies demonstrate in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Chikungunya virus by targeting an epitope on the E2 protein and blocking the Mxra8 receptor.

The underlying strategies to tackle A-site inhomogeneity of Rb-alloyed wide bandgap perovskites remain under investigation. Here, authors incorporate a melamine additive as a phase uniformity regulator, achieving stabilized efficiency of 33.5% for two-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

Wolbachia affects host reproduction and nutrition, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study suggests Wolbachia enhances ovarian development in Laodelphax striatellus via riboflavin synthesis, driving ATP production and ovarian maturation.

Surface reconstruction during reactions often generates unique active sites that boost catalytic performance. Here, the authors show that supported Ni₃InC₀.₅ nanoparticles undergo CO₂-induced surface oxidation, forming defective In₂O₃₋ₓ layers and inverse In₂O₃₋ₓ/Ni interfaces during CO₂ hydrogenation.

LiDARs exploiting quantum correlations provide enhancement in noise resilience and sensitivity, but high-power classical sources offer much higher operating distances. Here, the authors show how to exploit high power classical time-frequency correlations to keep the best of both worlds.

Hong-Xuan Lin, Ji-Ping Gao, Jun-Xiang Shan and colleagues show that natural variation in a proteasome α2 subunit gene contributes to thermotolerance in African rice. Their follow-up studies suggest that the variant allele protects cells from heat stress by enhancing the elimination of cytotoxic denatured proteins and maintaining heat-response processes.

DNA methylation data of whole blood from Han Chinese individuals are used to map mQTLs, finding that cis- and trans-mQTLs show distinct patterns of East Asians (EA) ancestry-specific colocalization with complex trait variation.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site for lipid synthesis, yet the role of lipids in ER morphogenesis remains elusive. Here, Adachi et al. identify the ER-resident enzyme AGPAT2, which binds to DRP1 and supplies phosphatidic acid to regulate ER morphology. The association of DRP1 with phosphatidic acid subsequently promotes ER tubulation.

Coherence is widely seen as essential for quantum source quality. Here, authors demonstrate on-chip photon states with increased brightness and purity using incoherent light. It reveals the mechanism of pump coherence and lowers the barrier for the generation of high-quality quantum states.

This study identifies copper homeostasis mechanisms in K. pneumoniae, revealing gene deletions reduce tolerance, virulence, and increase susceptibility.

Xuejun Zhang and colleagues report a genome-wide association and replication studies for psoriasis, conducted in Chinese populations. They confirm previous associations in MHC and IL12B to psoriasis susceptibility, and report a new association within the LCE gene cluster at 1q21.

Here, in a study of over 6,000 women across China, the authors show that Mycoplasma hominis infection strongly influences vaginal microbiota and is linked to higher risk of cervical lesions, highlighting its importance in women’s reproductive health.

This work reveals critical role of R-Ras2 in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. R-Ras2 maintains VSMCs function via c-MET-TFII-I axis, with MEG3 stabilizing its mRNA stability. Findings identify R-Ras2 a potential AAA therapeutic target.

A dipolar-passivation strategy enables all-perovskite tandem solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of over 30%.