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Valorizing plastic waste remains a major challenge due to its severe environmental impact. Here, the authors report a CuCo/CoOₓ catalyst constructed via stepwise hydrogen spillover, enabling near-quantitative conversion of waste polyethylene terephthalate to p-xylene.

Intrauterine adhesions (IUA) are a leading cause of female infertility. Here, authors engineer a Tβ4-releasing ECM hydrogel that mimics decidualization to promote endometrial regeneration as a therapeutic strategy for treatment of IUA.

Recent studies have shown the potential of higher-order exceptional points originating from the Liouvillian dynamics as opposed to their Hamiltonian counterparts. Here, the authors explore different classes of third-order Liouvillian exceptional points in a two-level system realised in a single trapped ion.

Self-amplifying RNA enables durable therapeutic expression, but its high immunogenicity and low-fidelity replication limit its use. Here, authors engineer a Norovirus-derived VPg-saRNA platform that achieves cap-independent, low-immunogenic and precise therapeutic protein expression in vivo.

The authors report the time-reversal symmetry breaking superconductivity in the thin-flake kagome material RbV3Sb5, manifesting primarily as an unconventional form of hysteresis that is not observed in CsV3Sb5. They also observe reentrance of superconductivity during an in-plane field-sweeping process at 400 mK.

In patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC), resistance to the standard-of-care induction chemotherapy often occurs. Here, using longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic profiling of HPSCC samples from patients receiving induction chemotherapy, the authors identify a ZNF683-high natural killer (NK) cell population as a predictor of chemotherapy response.

This study demonstrated that distinct antidepressant therapies act on a common brain network. It explains previous heterogeneous findings across therapies and may be adopted to guide precision repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Multi-modal integration of spatial transcriptomes and metabolomes via haCCA reveals metabolic heterogeneity and NETs-mediated Scd1 upregulation driving fatty acid metabolism in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Hou, Li, Moi et al., find that long-term endocrine therapy does not alter overall gut microbiota composition in breast cancer patients, but recurrence is linked to reduced microbial diversity and specific bacterial signatures. These gut microbiota patterns predict poorer outcomes independent of established genetic risk scores, suggesting added value for recurrence risk stratification

Direct observation of the Migdal effect in neutron–nucleus collisions is reported, which resolves a long-standing gap in experimental validation.

Endocytosis of TFR1 plays a crucial role in extracelluar iron uptake. Here the authors revealed that PKCβII facilitates the endocytosis of TFR1 and increases cellular iron levels through the phosphorylation of AAK1, thus promoting ferroptosis of tumor cells.

Reducing the embodied carbon emissions of building material stock is essential for mitigation. Using a high-resolution multiyear dataset in China, researchers show the historically massive contributions of these emissions during past decades of rapid urbanization and the potential risks for future climate goals.

This analysis performs comprehensive comparisons of 27 single-cell perturbation response prediction methods using 29 datasets under different test scenarios and against multiple evaluation metrics.

Intestinal mucin 1 (MUC1) is a glycosylated protein that maintains intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) integrity. Here, the authors show that reduced intestinal MUC1 levels and glycosylation facilitate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) progression by impairing IEB integrity, via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and NEDD4-mediated lysosomal degradation of MUC1 (triggered by decreased glycosylation).

T-cell engager (TCE)-based immunotherapy requires further development in solid tumors due to limited T cell penetration, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and toxicity. The authors here develop a glypican-3 targeting mRNA TCE (MTS105) which manifests superior T cell activation and tumor regression hepatocellular carcinoma mice model comparing to conventional TCE, and safety with cynomolgus monkey studies.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

Liquid crystal elastomers can be used for actuators, though it is challenging the balance mechanical properties and actuation performance. Here the authors use catechol-ion coordination to optimize these properties.

IBI318 is a recombinant bispecific IgG1 antibody that targets PD-1 and PD-L1. Here the authors report the results of a phase II trial of IBI318 combined with the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors.

SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune escape capability highlight the need for the development of cross-neutralising vaccines and regimens. Here, the authors assess the immunogenicity and safety of NVSI-06-08, that integrates antigens from multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains into a single immunogen, as a heterologous booster in adults previously vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine.

Extreme heat events are increasing due to climate change, which may reduce insect abundance. This study suggests that insect pests can buffer the impacts of heat waves via fine-scale behavioural thermoregulation, markedly promoting pest population growth and aggravating crop yield losses globally.

Insufficient efficacy is one of the major impediments for further application of sup-tRNA therapies. Here, authors engineer the body sequence of sup-tRNA^Arg and restored retinal function and vision-guided behavior in a mouse model carrying the RPE65-R44X nonsense mutation.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.

The tunability of the polarization state of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on conventional semiconductors is usually limited. Here, the authors report the realization of mid-infrared LEDs based on a Weyl semiconductor, layered Te, showing the electrical tunability of the degree of linear polarization of the emitted light from ~100% to 36%.

Quantum light sources are promising for quantum circuits, yet facing an inherent trade-off between multifunction and brightness. By leveraging a strategy based on parity-time symmetry, we demonstrate an on-chip quantum light source with programmable lifetime, achieving a 20-fold tuning range of lifetime and balanced photon-pairs generation rate.

A cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analyses of brainstem structures identify 713 associations. It reveals shared/distinct genetic architectures across ancestries/substructures and overlaps with neuropsychiatric disorders and physiological functions.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

Baizosediminiarchaeum, a key player in the deep biosphere, builds butanetriol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (BDGT) membrane lipids and feeds on both CO₂ and lignin, revealing a survival strategy in low-energy environments and a unique lipid biomarker for this group.

The Airy-Talbot effect is experimentally demonstrated for spoof surface acoustic waves in a structured metasurface. Owing to its self-imaging and self-healing properties, the authors achieve robust multipath transmission of nonperiodic signals.

Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) has enhanced the sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy for applications in materials and life sciences. Here, the authors develop its femtosecond stimulated version (SHINE-FSRS) for in-situ monitoring of molecular dynamics on ultrafast scales.

Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in multiple sclerosis uncovers dynamic antiviral immune activity, sex-based differences in damage and repair, and evolving myeloid-stromal cell interactions that correlate with disability development.

The primary entry route of vanilloid ligands to the vanilloid-binding site in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is found to be a distinct and targetable hydrophobic pathway at the TRPV1–cell membrane interface rather than through direct membrane penetration.

This study investigates the role of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase (DHPAAS) in mosquito cuticle formation, a key factor in their development and survival. The findings reveal that DHPAAS is essential for abdominal integrity and egg development, with unique structural features suggesting a novel oxygen delivery mechanism.

Gao, Bai and colleagues identify peroxisomal MFE-2 as an essential regulator for microglial homeostasis in Alzheimer’s disease, showing that maintaining MFE-2 reduces neuroinflammation and slows Alzheimer’s disease progression, making it a potential therapeutic target.

Crop diversification is a promising strategy to enhance global food security, yet potential trade-offs between yields and nutritional outcomes remain unclear. This global synthesis reveals that transitioning from monoculture to crop rotation consistently boosts total yield, nutritional quality, and revenue by 14–27%, with win-win outcomes significantly outweighing trade-offs across major agricultural regions.

A model has been developed to identify the least-cost technology pathway for global individual iron and steel plants over 2020–2050 in alignment with national carbon-neutrality targets.

Early and accurate clinical assessment of disease severity in COVID-19 patients is essential for planning the allocation of scarce hospital resources. An explainable machine learning tool trained on blood sample data from 485 patients from Wuhan selected three biomarkers for predicting mortality of individual patients with high accuracy.

A combination of high-resolution spatial imaging, spatial proteomics and transcriptional data reveals sparse and heterogeneous bacterial signals in gliomas and brain metastases.