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Vaginal birth, exclusive breastfeeding and early contact with siblings promote colonization of the infant gut with bifidobacteria capable of producing aromatic lactates, a microbial and metabolite signal that is inversely related to the risk of allergen-specific sensitization and dermatitis later in life.

Li and colleagues describe a monocyte-specific transcriptional state along with a persistent elevation of inflammatory markers specifically found in individuals with long COVID who had mild-to-moderate disease during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

AN attempt to explain neutron-proton interaction made by Yukawa¹ in 1935 has been brought to general notice^2,3 in connexion with the new experimental evidence for the existence of a 'heavy electron'^4,5,6.

Compiling data on floral introductions and European colonial history of regions worldwide, the authors find that compositional similarity of floras is higher than expected among regions once occupied by the same empire and similarity increases with the length of time the region was occupied by that empire.

Gut microorganisms capable of producing ethanol cause alcohol intoxication, which can be corrected via faecal microbiota transplantation.

Multimodal fusion of digital pathology and transcriptomics can improve cancer diagnosis, but remains impractical in clinical settings. Here, the authors develop a crossmodal generative model, PathGen, to synthesise transcriptomic data from histopathology slides, and show how the combination of these multimodal data improves cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction.

Medication non-adherence represents a healthcare challenge, generating over $100 billion in additional costs annually in the USA. Here, the authors developed a resorbable and ingestible system designed for assessing medication adherence.

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of capsule based, biodegradable medication adherence tracking system with envisioned scenario for clinical use. A, Bio-RFID capsule administration. B, Shielding coating dissolution and payload release C, Monitoring of the Tag ID and frequency range, recording of the payload for tracking adherence. D, Dissolution and biosorption of the coating, tag and the capsule.

Compact MXene fibers with near-gigapascal strength are continuously fabricated by radial confinement and axial stretching under room temperature. Large-area textiles made from the fibers show superior electromagnetic interference shielding capacity.

The presence of EGFR mutations and de novo MET aberrations limited response to EGFR inhibitors in patients with advance non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, the authors report a phase 2 randomised clinical trial investigating first-line osimertinib (EGFR inhibitor) plus savolitinib (c-MET inhibitor) in patients with MET-aberrant, EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC.

A combination of scanning probe microscopy and quantum sensing is used to investigate changes in water structure under confinement. A liquid–solid phase transition is observed in thin films of water below a confinement size of 2 nm at ambient temperature.

GluFormer, a generative foundation model, uses continuous glucose monitoring data to accurately forecast glycaemia-related health responses, particularly for long-term outcomes.

Owing to electron localization, two-dimensional materials are not expected to be metallic at low temperatures, but a field-induced quantum metal phase emerges in NbSe₂, whose behaviour is consistent with the Bose-metal model.

An amorphous–crystalline silicon nitride nanocomposite at the buried interface of perovskite solar cells enables small-area devices with a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.37%. Modules with an area of 1,252 cm² maintain stable output for 6 months of outdoor operation.

Natural products populate areas of chemical space not occupied by average synthetic molecules. Here, an analysis of more than 180,000 natural product structures results in a library of 2,000 natural-product-derived fragments, which resemble the properties of the natural products themselves and give access to novel inhibitor chemotypes.

The anterior cingulate cortex encodes affective pain behaviours modulated by opioids; targeting opioid-sensitive neurons through a new chemogenetic gene therapy replicates the analgesic effects of morphine, providing precise chronic pain relief without affecting sensory detection.

Yakut communities, with Trans-Baikal admixture during the Mongol expansion, preserved genomic diversity and oral microbiomes despite the Russian conquest, which introduced cereals, pathogens and Christianity, whereas marital practices preserved low consanguinity except in one late case of traditional shamanism.

Cas12a3 nucleases constitute a distinct clade of type V CRISPR–Cas bacterial immune systems that preferentially cleave the 3′ tails of tRNAs after recognition of target RNA to induce growth arrest and block phage dissemination.

The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines.

Self-sustained resistance oscillation states in VO₂ thin films are of significant interest for information encoding applications but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy, Tiwari et al. uncover the distinct current-induced phase transition pathways and realize the visualization of the nanoscale phase percolation dynamics in a VO₂ oscillator.

Analysis of the 3D chromatin architecture and cis-regulatory elements in a sea urchin and a sea star reveals mechanisms of 3D chromatin organization in echinoderms and the long-term evolutionary dynamics of cis-regulatory elements in animals.

Ramaglia and colleagues show that aberrant formation of B cell-rich lymphoid structures in the brain meninges is associated with high CXCL13:BAFF ratios. Inhibiting the kinase BTK reduces the lymphotoxin signaling needed to sustain such structures, lowers CXCL13:BAFF ratios and reduces cortical tissue injury.

Butyrophilin 2A2 is a member of the B7 costimulatory family that is expressed on antigen presenting cells and is linked to the regulation of T cells. Here the authors implicate butyrophilin 2A2 in enhancement of CD45 phosphatase activity within the immunological synapse during T cell activation, leading to expansion of regulatory T cells and reduction of proinflammatory Th17 CD4 T cells.

Cosgun et al. show that, in B cell leukemia, β-catenin expression is maintained at low levels through glycogen synthase kinase 3B (GSK3β)-mediated phosphorylation. Inhibition of GSK3β results in β-catenin–Ikaros–NuRD complex formation, leading to B-ALL cell death through MYC repression.

Specific pain-sensing nociceptors and chemosensory tuft cells form a circuit to promote type 2 immune responses in the intestine.

Yashinskie, Zhu and colleagues show that p53 activation triggers increased synthesis and accumulation of phospholipids, with enhanced activation of autophagy and lysosomal catabolism programmes and increased reliance on lipid headgroup recycling.

Mitochondria that are transported from satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia to peripheral sensory neurons through tunneling nanotube-like structures provide protection against peripheral neuropathy.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with limited risk stratification. Here, the authors perform multi-omic analysis of MTC samples from 452 patients across 10 Chinese clinical centers, identify molecular subtypes and develop a prediction model.

This study demonstrates the capability of deep learning protein design models in generating functionally validated β-strand pairing interfaces, expanding the structural diversity of de novo binding proteins and accessible target surfaces.

In a randomized phase 2 trial in patients with acute coronary syndrome and high levels of the inflammation biomarker C-reactive protein, treatment with low-dose interleukin-2 increased the numbers of regulatory T cells and reduced arterial inflammation, compared to placebo.

Cardiometabolic disease and depression often co-occur, but their multi-organ basis was unclear. Here, the authors analyse UK Biobank imaging and genetics, identifying abdomen-heart-brain networks and 43 shared loci, improving multimorbidity prediction

Stable adipocytes resist lipolysis in healthy states but are highly susceptible to a catecholamine-independent, neurosystemic pathway-driven catabolic state.

How the complex interplay between multiple nutrients within the microenvironment dictates potential sites of metastatic cancer growth is explored.

Researchers studied the blood-based metabolome of over 23,000 people from ten ethnically diverse cohorts. They identified 235 metabolites associated with future risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). By integrating genetic and modifiable lifestyle factors, their findings provide insights into T2D mechanisms and could improve risk prediction and inform precision prevention.

The bacterial protein H-NS prevents costly expression of horizontally acquired genes such as those in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are essential for infection. Here, Kortebi et al. show that the expression of SPI-1 is associated with Salmonella chromatin remodelling and with the repositioning of this region toward the nucleoid periphery.

Behçet’s syndrome is a chronic inflammatory disease with oral ulcers being the most common symptom. Here authors present results from a phase 2 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial that shows that systemic low dose interleukin-2 could be safely administered to these patients, and the therapy may improve their quality of life.

In a multicenter, randomized trial of patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk of thromboembolic events, treatment with the anticoagulant rivaroxaban showed no benefit in reducing cognitive decline, stroke or transient ischemic attack when compared to placebo.

This study identifies key neurocognitive domains that distinguish patients with schizophrenia from healthy individuals using machine learning. Analyzing data from 1,304 participants, it demonstrates that verbal learning and emotion identification effectively classify conditions, promoting efficient neurocognitive profiling strategies.

Global post-fire soil erosion accounts for approximately 8.1 ± 0.72 Pg per year, or 19%, of total global soil erosion, and Africa is the most impacted continent given its larger burned area, according to a global assessment of soil erosion produced by wildfires over the last 18 years.

The authors show that NAT10 is upregulated with T cell antigen receptor signaling and that T cell-specific NAT10 deficiency results in diminished numbers of naive T cells, translating to an inability to mount a significant antiviral T cell response.

Stanage et al. identify a role for transfer RNA nuclease SLFN11 in replication-stress-induced cell death in cisplatin-treated cells lacking PrimPol. SLFN11 is activated upon single-stranded DNA accumulation at stalled forks followed by replication protein A exhaustion and cell death.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are required to establish thymic central tolerance. Here Srinivasan et al. use single-cell transcriptomics to define thymic conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets and find that CD8⁺ single-positive thymocytes modulate the thymus environment to regulate plasmacytoid DC and cDC2 homeostasis and interferon signatures in DCs, while CD4⁺ single-positive thymocytes regulate cDC1 activation via cognate and CD40L–CD40 interactions.

Cells depend on early protein modifications for proper function. Here, the authors show that when Src-family signaling kinases lack their typical myristoylation, an alternative acetylated start is detected by DCAF10, directing them to degradation.