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The changing cellular, transcriptional, and genomic landscape of human lung aging can be characterized using single-cell RNA sequencing. Here, the authors show that lung aging is cell-type dyssynchronous, with alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells exhibiting the greatest changes in gene expression, transcriptional entropy, and a high level of somatic mutations.

A flexible digital artificial intelligence chip with a compute-in-memory architecture is fabricated using a commercial low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistor process and shows high accuracy in human daily activity monitoring using multimodal physiological signals.

Solving ordinary differential equations (ODE) on the von Neumann architecture normally demands a large amount of computational resources. Yu et al. build ODE solver hardware using a computing-in-memory-based implementation, showing orders of magnitude improvement in energy consumption and speedup.

Altermagnets combine spin-split electronic bands with zero net magnetization, making them ideal for integration into spin-based information processing devices. Here Guo, Chen, Zeng, and coauthors demonstrate a magnetic memory making use of the altermagnetic spin splitting torque in a three terminal MRAM device.

The existence of a long-lived, prethermal regime in many-body systems with tunable heating rates, driven by structured random protocols, is observed using a 78-qubit superconducting quantum processor.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

To achieve simultaneous transparency and vivid multicolor switching in electrochromics is desirable owing to their potential as next-generation transparent displays. Here, the authors show a single-molecule design strategy that integrates a rhodamine moiety with a propylenedioxythiophene unit and incorporates molecular doping to achieve high optical transmittance with three distinct optical states.

Limited genomic resources constrain our understanding of fern evolution and conservation. Here, the authors present the genome of Brainea insignis, a monotypic endangered fern, and identify evolutionary signatures to guide conservation strategies from comparative and population genomic analyses.

Metastatic cancer cells rely on metabolic flexibility to survive. Here, the authors show that metastatic breast cancer cells use lactate for mitochondrial oxidation via the CD147/MCT1/LDHB complex to sustain stemness and promote metastasis.

Antibody-conjugated Mesenchymal stromal cells (Ac-MSC) carrying internalized therapeutic agents represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Here, an ac-MSC-based drug delivery system, consisting of anti-CD4 antibody-conjugated MSCs loaded with a RORγt inverse agonist, is engineered to achieve selective targeting of pathogenic CD4 T cells and to deliver therapeutic benefits in mouse models of psoriasis and arthritis.

An artificial intelligence-driven robotic chemist that integrates generative machine-learning models incorporating spectroscopic descriptors with automated experimentation is developed, enabling the inverse design of high-entropy catalysts and offering a generalizable strategy for the design of diverse complex materials.

A four-qubit quantum error detection circuit with stabilizers can be implemented with spin qubits in a donor-based silicon quantum processor.

Complex motor behaviors such as birdsong are learned through practice and are thought to depend on specific excitatory connectivity in premotor circuits. Here the authors show that song learning in Bengalese Finches is associated with enrichment of inhibitory network connectivity that can affect specific song features.

The study presents a multi-stage sorption-based system coupled with thermal energy storage that efficiently harvests water from air, achieving high yields and cost-effectiveness, offering a scalable, low-carbon path to freshwater.

Decadal-scale observations reveal that plant diversity stabilizes ecosystem productivity over time. Phylogenetic diversity is the key driver of long-term stability, whereas plant height shapes short-term productivity dynamics.

Enhancing utilization of single atoms is crucial but challenging in electrocatalysis. Here, the authors present a surfactant-assisted freezecasting method to optimize nanocarbon micro- and macrostructures, achieving near-100% site utilization and enhancing single-atom catalyst performance.

Cascaded nonlinear optics has long enabled advances in short-wavelength generation, but equivalent approaches for long wavelengths remain underdeveloped. Here, the authors demonstrate a chip-based lithium niobate platform that delivers tunable mid-infrared light, opening new possibilities for sensing, spectroscopy, and communications.

Electrochemical capacitors are limited by low capacity. Here, authors report that the increased offset potential from potential of zero charge electrochemically drives the continued partial desolvations in carbon nanopores, leading to largely increased electric double-layer capacitance and capacity.

An in situ multistep edge-contact process is developed for MoS₂ transistors, achieving quasi-non-volatile capacitorless two-transistor dynamic random-access memory with 5-bit accuracy and nanosecond write speeds.

SpatialZ generates virtual single-cell spatial transcriptomics slices between experimentally measured sections, enabling accurate and efficient building of 3D cell atlases of different tissues.

Qian and colleagues show that IL-17REL functions as a decoy receptor to suppress the effects of IL-17 family cytokines and reduce intestinal inflammation.

Modelling suggests the carbon cost for nitrogen assimilation by plants will rise substantially under future climate change with further increase at higher latitudes, due partly to enhanced contributions of soil inorganic nitrogen.

The authors conducted a genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder (BD) in Han Chinese and integrated PGC4 East Asian and European datasets, discovering 23 novel loci, prioritizing 39 credible risk genes and implicating BD-related cell types and druggable targets.

Thermal lepton pairs are ideal probes for the temperature of quark-gluon plasma. Here, the STAR Collaboration uses thermal electron-positron pair production to measure quark-gluon plasma average temperature at different stages of the evolution.

DNA in many bacteriophages contains unusual chemical modifications. Here, the authors discover that carboxymethylcytosine is a natural DNA base and reveal its role as an intermediate enabling further DNA hypermodification.

The authors show that NAT10 is upregulated with T cell antigen receptor signaling and that T cell-specific NAT10 deficiency results in diminished numbers of naive T cells, translating to an inability to mount a significant antiviral T cell response.

IBI318 is a recombinant bispecific IgG1 antibody that targets PD-1 and PD-L1. Here the authors report the results of a phase II trial of IBI318 combined with the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Monocytes/macrophages exert pro-atherogenic functions depending on their metabolic programming. Here, the authors show the pivotal role of methionine metabolism in the proinflammatory and migratory functions of monocytes/macrophages and identify MAT2A as a potential target for the management of atherosclerosis.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Bright light reduces feeding and weight gain in mice by activating a specific retina-to-brain pathway that signals through the visual thalamus to inhibit appetite-regulating neurons in the hypothalamus.

Here, in a large-scale clinical trial, the authors associate gut microbiota composition and metabolic status with effectiveness of dietary fiber intervention in prediabetes, and provide a clinically applicable model to guide microbiome-targeted personalized medicine.

Anti-TSLP biologics have shown promise for the clinical treatment of type 2 respiratory disease. Here the authors present a clinical trial of CM326, a monoclonal antibody against TSLP, and show the clinical effects in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRSwNP), who present with type 2-dominant inflammation.

Cryosection pathology is essential for intraoperative diagnosis of diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs), but often requires re-sampling for an accurate assessment. Here, the authors develop CryoAID, an AI-augmented framework for rapid and accurate molecular outcome prediction during surgery for DMG, reducing re-biopsy rates in clinical cohorts.

CABLE harnesses cytoarchitectural information such as cell or nuclear shape to infer fiber tracts in the brain of, for example, marmosets, macaques or humans.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise in tumour immunotherapy but resistance has been seen. Here using pre-treatment hepatocellular carcinoma patient biopsies from patients scheduled for immunotherapy, the authors implicate BCL9 and show that a BCL9-targeting peptide promotes anti-tumour immunity in mouse models through targeting macrophages and promoting anti-tumour T cell responses.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is the biologically active form of vitamin B1 and servers as an essential metabolic cofactor regulating energy production, redox homeostasis, and carbon assimilation. Here, the authors show that optimizing TPP metabolism can enhance yield and quality in maize, rice and rapeseed.

Thorough genetic analyses by four laboratories reinforce the central role of the protein kinase BIK1 in plant immunity. Other unrelated functions proposed for BIK1, however, are associated with genome rearrangement in a single transfer DNA mutant.

Influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) are essential for replication and transcription. Here, authors solve the cryo-EM structure of influenza mini-vRNP to reveal detailed FluPol–NP–RNA coupling and suggest a conformational shift in RNPs during the viral life cycle.