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This Commission aims to resolve the current dialysis policy challenges in Thailand and generate lessons for the global kidney community by drawing on empirical evidence, systems thinking and multidisciplinary expertise to generate policy goals and recommendations.

Inspired by how neurons in the brain communicate, Spiking Neural Networks are gaining attention as efficient models for solving spatiotemporal AI tasks. The authors introduce a training method for synaptic delays, improving accuracy on benchmark tasks while being faster and more efficient.

While population transfer between electronic states occurs instantly in two-state model systems, here the authors show that real-world systems with coupling to additional states can exhibit measurable delays for transfer on a single femtosecond timescale.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with anti-PD-1 plus a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, donor fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from complete responders to immunotherapy did not significantly improve the primary endpoint of 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) but did significantly improve median PFS versus placebo FMT.

CELSR1 is a core component of the tissue/planar cell polarity pathway. Here, the authors report a CELSR1-related disorder featuring brain malformations, neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy, and use mice to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms.

Applications of optical laser-based techniques are limited by the long wavelengths of the lasers. Now, observations of phonons and thermal transport at nanometre length scales are reported with an all-hard X-ray transient-grating spectroscopy technique.

Neural mechanism underlying behavioural flexibility is not fully understood. Here authors study decision-making of macaques in a reversal task. They identify two complementary cognitive processes. Distinct neural patterns link these processes to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus.

The Neurospora circadian clock keeps time through a negative feedback loop involving a protein complex of FRQ bound to FRH. Here, the authors show that slow, stochastic phosphorylation of these proteins dissociates and activates them via two precisely timed switches.

The authors investigate the impacts of drought legacy on springtime leaf unfolding and green-up. They show that drought delays springtime phenology, primarily through exogenous environmental memory effects, and suggest that future spring advances may be dampened by increasing drought.

Optomechanical crystals are promising building blocks for quantum networks but suffer from thermal mechanical noise. Here the authors demonstrate on-demand conversion of single phonons into high-purity telecom photons with low thermal noise and MHz-scale narrow bandwidth using a quasi-2D optomechanical system.

Organic electrochemical neuron sensors enable rapid, energy-efficient neural signal detection and modulation, supporting closed-loop neuromodulation and offering a promising platform for implantable neurotherapeutic applications.

This study reports that de novo germline missense variants in SF3B1, distinct from the somatic variants frequently observed in cancer, cause a neurodevelopmental disorder and disrupt global RNA splicing.

Various policy instruments are proposed to meet mitigation targets, yet the synergistic and trade-off effects of interactions are less understood. With rich scenarios of policy mixes, the authors demonstrate that in most cases these interactions will delay the achievement of carbon targets in China.

The researchers show that a subwavelength film of indium tin oxide, the bulk permittivity of which is strategically modulated via optical pumping, can be dynamically tuned to act as both a non-resonant amplifier and a perfect absorber. The findings extend the concept of coherent perfect absorption to the temporal domain and may enable coherent manipulation of light in Floquet-engineered complex photonic systems.

Prior hypoglycemia alters the paracrine interaction between islet α and δ cells, leading to impaired counter-regulatory glucagon secretion through somatostatin hypersecretion, increasing the risk of recurrent hypoglycemia.

The authors show how Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells produce IL-4 to drive early CD8⁺ T cell and dendritic cell responses to malaria infection in mice.

A pathogenic subset of NK cells is identified that promotes type 1 diabetes and is generated via T cell-derived IL-21.

This study shows that many small RNAs in Capsella rubella pollen originate from maternal tissues. These mobile small RNAs support proper pollen development, revealing that non-cell-autonomous small RNAs are crucial for successful plant reproduction.

Phototoxicity can distort live-cell microscopy results, yet tools to measure it are limited. Here, the authors present PhotoFiTT, a machine learning–based framework that quantifies light-induced stress on cells, helping researchers optimise imaging protocols while protecting sample health.

Using time-resolved Coulomb-explosion imaging, the authors capture a 600 fs pseudorotation in the benzene cation, revealing coherent vibronic dynamics around a conical intersection and visualizing transient structural variations.

Strongly enhanced optical nonlinearities and an ultrafast transition from coherent to incoherent polariton excitations are demonstrated by coupling an atomically thin WS₂ layer to a plasmonic nanostructure using ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Nylon-11 is a common and durable polymer but possess low piezoelectric properties. Here, the authors use mechanical accelerations and strong electric fields to induce crystallization, hydrogen-bonding and dipole alignment in Nylon-11 films, achieving high piezoelectricity.

While CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are often initially successful in many breast cancer subtypes, often resistance develops and other subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) fail to respond. Here, the authors demonstrate that the CDK2 inhibitor BLU-222, alone or with CDK4/6i, restores cell-cycle control via p21/p27 induction overcoming resistance in preclinical models of breast cancer, including TNBC.

Zhang, Huang, Wang, Long et al. report that NAT10 enhances serine uptake and biosynthesis in an ac4C-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting stemness and progression in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Here, the authors investigate the molecular role of the CHAMP1 gene/protein in preclinical models of human muscle development and disease.

Fluorescence microscopy during CryoFIB milling produces an interferogram that can be used to direct lamella production to labeled structures with accuracy beyond the axial diffraction limit. The approach relies only on real-time feedback from the structure, requiring no image registration.

Producing isolated single-photon emitters in hexagonal boron nitride with predefined spin transitions is challenging. Oxygen annealing enables the controlled fabrication of narrowband quantum emitters with optically active spin for quantum applications.

Many biological systems appear to organize their dynamics close to a critical point. Now it is shown that the protein array mediating Escherichia coli chemosensing is near-critical, enabling large signal amplification without compromising response speeds.

Several exposures are required for protection from clinical malaria in endemic areas. Using the controlled human malaria infection model, Ferrer et al. here show that two exposures to Plasmodium falciparum infected mosquitoes induce partial preerythrocyte immunity in previously malaria naïve individuals. Immunity correlates positively with both anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody and CD69 + CD8 + T cell levels.

Nonlinear chiral light generation typically requires complex chiral structures. Here, authors demonstrate that a single achiral metasurface can generate third-harmonic light with arbitrarily tunable chirality, controlled simply by varying the polarization of the incident laser, and achieve ultrafast chirality switching in just 3.2 femtoseconds.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

We conducted a CRISPR screen to identify genes essential for neural differentiation. By integrating these findings with mouse neuroanatomy, we demonstrated its utility in discovering a new PEDS1-related neurodevelopmental disorder.

Core excitons are strongly localised excitonic states impacting x-ray absorption and resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS) spectra. Here, the authors demonstrate an application of free electron laser-driven ultrafast RIXS spectroscopy to study previously unclear aspects of core exciton-phonon interactions in graphite.

The inferior heterojunction quality and misaligned energy levels at the buffer/absorber layer hinders development of antimony selenosulfide solar cells. Here, authors introduce low-work-function tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer for field-effect passivation, achieving device efficiency of 10.95%.

Monitoring charge carrier dynamics and photocatalytic reaction rates in individual photocatalyst particles is a challenging task that can help us to understand structure–reactivity relationships. Here single-molecule fluorescence imaging is coupled with femtosecond interferometric scattering microscopy to investigate these properties in 2D InSe flakes.

Symmetry breaking is key to tissue formation. Now it is shown that symmetry breaking of epithelial spheroids is controlled by an interplay of collective migration with curvature and matrix remodelling.

Coherent spin waves—quantized into magnons—can be emitted as Cherenkov radiation, but their experimental realization is hindered by the lack of fast-moving magnetic perturbations. Now, a picosecond strain pulse is shown to induce this effect.

Neural mechanisms underlying flexible navigation are not fully understood. Here authors reveal how neural circuits dynamically adapt navigational plans in response to new information. Hippocampal circuits balance possible goals based on how much behavioral change is needed while prefrontal circuits represent changing plans.

Fracto-mechanoluminescence is the emission of light from fracturing solids. Here, the authors show that this emission in Mn halides arises from elastic stiffness, electromechanical coupling, and trap states that activate Mn²⁺ d−d transitions.

Decarbonizing road transport is critical, but the costs and emissions of low-carbon vehicles in Africa remain uncertain. The authors show that battery electric vehicles with solar off-grid systems can cost effectively reduce life-cycle emissions well before 2040.

This study reveals high-spin state formation and quintet-mediated emission in diphenylhexatriene oligomers. Quintet states dominate delayed fluorescence up to room temperature, establishing a spin-selective platform for quantum technologies.

In monkeys infected with an AIDS-like virus, a combination of a broadly neutralizing antibody and an immune stimulator during antiretroviral therapy suppressed viral rebound after antiretroviral drug discontinuation.

Solá, Mereu and colleagues describe a chronic inflammatory state in the aging mouse skin that is characterized by IL-17 production by dermal lymphoid cells and demonstrate the potential of inhibition of IL-17 signaling in protection against skin aging.

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is expected to collapse with warming. Here the authors assess whether solar geoengineering could prevent such a collapse and find that this would be possible only with early deployment under low and medium emissions, highlighting the need for emissions mitigation.