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N-terminal acetylation shapes protein fate during protein biosynthesis at the ribosome. Here the authors show that the NatA enzyme forms dynamic multi-factor complexes at the ribosome, acting as an interaction hub that coordinates cotranslational protein maturation.

The use of groundwater can help mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, thereby increasing the resilience of communities during and after events, according to a synthesis of hydrology and disaster response research.

The complexity of the evolved metabolic networks of flavonoids complicates pathway elucidation and design. Here, the authors identify enzymes that modify isoflavan scaffolds from the genome and transcriptome data of Glycyrrhiza glabra, and reconstruct de novo glabridin biosynthesis in yeast.

Current mapping of fork progression in the human genome suffers from drastically low throughput. Here, the authors introduce ForkML, a nanopore sequencing-based method automatically positioning thousands of individual fork velocities by tracking BrdU incorporation into asynchronously growing cells.

Groundwater viruses are less well studied. Here, using large-scale sequencing, the authors uncover extensive, largely uncharacterized viral diversity in groundwater, showing that viruses infect dominant microbes, encode genes linked to carbon, nitrogen and sulfur pathways, and thus shape subsurface microbial communities.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

The authors describe a stacked generalization approach to predicting missing links in food webs that considers both species traits and network structure, achieving near-perfect performance on many empirical food webs.

Nitrogen and phosphorus in Greenland ice are present in measurable amounts and exceed algal needs, suggesting these nutrients do not limit glacier ice algae growth during the melt season.

Energy gaps can be induced by spatial modulation of the electronic potential. Here, the authors demonstrate a large and robust energy gap in a free-standing carbon nanotube utilizing a 15-gate keyboard that spatially modulates the local potential.

The longevity of leaves determines the overall duration of photosynthesis for plants. This study suggests that climate change drives leaf longevity convergence toward intermediate ranges, which, by altering leaf traits and enhancing photosynthetic capacity, strengthens ecosystem stability and is closely linked to vegetation diversity.

The contribution of ether lipid species in cancer cell fate has not been fully understood yet. Here the authors show that malignant cancer cells employ ether lipids to modulate membrane biophysical properties, enhancing iron endocytosis and ferroptosis susceptibility.

Rice paddies contribute to atmospheric methane (CH₄) levels. Here the authors show that increasing levels of the rice plant hormone PSY can reduce CH₄ emissions by over 50% via alteration of microbial H₂ cycling in the rhizosphere.

Given rising diabetes prevalence globally, access to diabetes treatments is gaining urgency. Here, the authors show patterns of glucose-lowering medication use for diabetes across 62 low- and middle-income countries.

This paper reports the excess mortality estimated during the evolving consecutive waves of COVID-19 in countries participating in the European Mortality Monitoring Network (EuroMOMO) in 2020-2023 and how they compare to recent influenza seasons.

The changing cellular, transcriptional, and genomic landscape of human lung aging can be characterized using single-cell RNA sequencing. Here, the authors show that lung aging is cell-type dyssynchronous, with alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells exhibiting the greatest changes in gene expression, transcriptional entropy, and a high level of somatic mutations.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Viral ribonucleoprotein–viral protein networks form pre-replication centres that nucleate viral factories and drive respiratory syncytial virus replication.

In this article, the authors characterise genetic variation in CARTaGENE, a population-based cohort from Quebec, Canada. This genomic resource enables population and disease genetic studies in a founder population and other under-represented groups.

Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 58 independent risk loci for major anxiety disorders among individuals of European ancestry and implicates GABAergic signaling as a potential mechanism underlying genetic risk for these disorders.

Native top-down proteomics reveals epidermal growth factor receptor–estrogen receptor-alpha (EGFR–ER) signaling crosstalk in breast cancer cells and dissociation of nuclear transport factor 2 (NUTF2) dimers to modulate ER signaling and cell growth.

This study examines long-term changes in species richness across tropical forests in the Andes and Amazon. Hotter, drier and more seasonal forests in the eastern and southern Amazon are losing species, while Northern Andean forests are accumulating species, acting as a refuge for climate-displaced species.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

This study applies generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and advanced transcriptome wide association study (TWAS) methods to improve the discovery of colorectal cancer risk transcription factors and genes, including potential druggable targets.

Increasing dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratio in a randomized controlled feeding study altered circulating small molecules (metabolites), including ones associated with diabetes risk, underscoring important metabolic effects of dietary composition.

In a phase 2 trial evaluating healthy donor fecal microbial transplantation plus either anti-PD-1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer or anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 in patients with melanoma, encouraging efficacy was seen in both cohorts, with responses linked to significantly greater loss of baseline bacterial species.

By combining satellite observations with ground-based data and expert validation, this analysis demonstrates considerable misestimation of grassland extent and thereby carbon stock estimates in previous global assessments based on remote sensing.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Neville, Ferguson et al. show that non-canonical Polycomb repressive complex 1.1-mediated gene silencing is antagonized by DOT1L and is required for the therapeutic efficacy of Menin and DOT1L inhibitors in mixed-lineage leukaemia.

Glucose deprivation triggers the secretion of the cytokine LIF, which promotes angiogenesis and immune suppression in lung cancer models.

Here, Yang-Jensen et al. demonstrate that a scalable microbial protein lysate from Methylococcus capsulatus Bath reshapes gut microbiota and T cells and, via fermentation-driven GLP-2 receptor mimicry, protects against gastrointestinal inflammation while providing sustainable protein nutrition

Zhang et al. examine associations between wildfire-specific PM_2.5 and emergency department visits for mental disorders in children across 845 communities in Australia, Brazil and Canada over a 15-year period.

The study introduces radio interferometric multiplexed spectroscopy (RIMS), a method designed to efficiently monitor the radio emissions of massive samples of stars. Applying it to LOFAR data, the authors identify stellar bursts, offering clues to possible star–planet magnetic interactions.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

In the phase 1/2 TRIDENT-1 trial, treatment of patients with NTRK fusion–positive advanced solid tumors with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor repotrectinib—selective for ROS1, TRKA−C and ALK—was safe and resulted in durable systemic and intracranial clinical response.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Bessler et al. developed a human organoid model for H3.3K27M-altered diffuse midline glioma that recapitulates key tumor features and demonstrated its utility for modeling CAR T cell and microglia functions.

Pangenomic and epidemiological analyses reveal a genetic shift in U.S. Salmonella Hadar populations during 2019–20, driven by expansion of a lineage carrying a prophage-like element that likely arose in commercial poultry and spread to backyard flocks.

The role of normally silenced transposable elements (TEs) in tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, the authors show that increased expression of TEs in both patients and mice with colitis or by DNA hypomethylating drugs elicits a viral mimicry response that suppresses tumorigenesis. This viral mimicry response inhibits the stemness of cancer initiating cells in a cell autonomous manner.

The deactivation of CO₂ reduction electrocatalyst in microbial media remains a key barrier for hybrid bio-electrochemical systems. Here, the authors present a bioadaptive nickel single atom catalyst that resists organic poisoning to enable high-rate CO-mediated isopropanol production from CO₂.

In this study, the authors present optimization and efficacy testing of apolipoprotein-based lipid nanoparticles for delivering various nucleic acid therapeutics in vivo to immune cells and their progenitors in the bone marrow.

Antigen presentation in skull bone marrow by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells induces myelopoiesis and generates CD4⁺ regulatory T cells in a mouse model of ependymoma, promoting immune tolerance. Treatment with anti-GM-CSF antibody has antitumor effects that are augmented by immunotherapy.

Applications of optical laser-based techniques are limited by the long wavelengths of the lasers. Now, observations of phonons and thermal transport at nanometre length scales are reported with an all-hard X-ray transient-grating spectroscopy technique.

This study finds that native tree extinctions and alien naturalizations are pushing forests towards fast-growing, resource-demanding species. This global shift could affect carbon storage and ecosystem stability, highlighting the need to protect slow-growing trees.

New methods for targeted covalent protein modification at low reactivity aspartates and glutamates are of high interest. Here, the authors report a technique inspired by the HaloTag technology, which employs a covalent conjugation reaction between ligands with a reactive chloroalkane linker and a specific aspartic acid, and use it to covalently modify lipoprotein chaperone PDEδ at a binding site glutamic acid.

Polyamines prevent the action of kinases on acidic phosphorylatable motifs in spliceosomal proteins, thus providing a mechanism for metabolite-mediated regulation of alternative splicing in cells.

Discovery proteomics offers deep insights but is currently not applied clinically in diagnostics. Here, the authors present ADAPT-MS, a flexible machine learning framework that enables fast, personalized diagnostic and prognostic decisions directly from proteome-wide data.

The famous nebula Barnard 68 has been used as a giant cosmic-ray detector: cosmic-ray-excited vibrational H₂ emission has been observed by JWST, giving a direct measurement of the CR ionization rate.