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Elite and viremic controllers of HIV can spontaneously regulate viral replication, but some lose this ability over time. In this longitudinal cohort study, 31% of viremic and 3% of elite HIV controllers lost viral control over 17 years. Specific T-cell– related proteins distinguish controller types and predict loss years in advance.

This study quantifies Brazil’s soil carbon debt (1.40 Pg C) and demonstrates that improved agricultural practices enhance carbon recovery. The findings reveal Brazil’s significant capacity to mitigate emissions and influence global carbon markets.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

The study used snMultiome-seq to map gene expression and chromatin accessibility in human central amygdala cells from people with and without AUD. Here, the authors show that inhibitory neurons are most affected, with KLF16-driven regulatory changes and AUD-risk variants disrupting gene activity.

Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) was identified as a synthetic-lethal target in p53-deficient cancers through alterations in double-stranded RNA accumulation. A covalent small-molecule inhibitor of TDG exhibited potent efficacy against p53-deficient tumors.

The existence of a long-lived, prethermal regime in many-body systems with tunable heating rates, driven by structured random protocols, is observed using a 78-qubit superconducting quantum processor.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Psychedelics and their non-hallucinogenic analogues were compared, revealing that serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT_2AR)-mediated G_i signalling is essential for hallucinogenic effect, with the functional mechanisms underlying this providing insights for designing therapeutic drugs without hallucinogenic effects.

Recently, the asymmetric bifunctionalization of alkenes has received much attention but the development of enantioselective alkoxyalkenylation has posed a considerable challenge and has lagged largely behind. Here, the authors report a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective alkoxyalkenylation reaction, using a range of primary, secondary, and tertiary γ-hydroxyalkenes with alkenyl halides.

Controllable and scalable phase transition of transition metal chalcogenides is challenging. Using in situ microscopic analysis, a non-stoichiometric phase transition from PdTe₂ to PdTe is observed on the atomic scale, providing mechanistic insights into the scalable phase engineering of transition metal chalcogenide films and heterostructures.

This study finds that native tree extinctions and alien naturalizations are pushing forests towards fast-growing, resource-demanding species. This global shift could affect carbon storage and ecosystem stability, highlighting the need to protect slow-growing trees.

This study reports that genomic signatures composed of the loss of pluripotency inhibitors, expansion of pluripotency activators and maintenance of an epigenetically permissive state contribute to the plantlet formation in Kalanchoe.

Most kiwifruit species are vulnerable to high levels of heat stress. Here, the authors report natural variation at the GATA transcription factor binding site of EGY3 gene mediates chloroplastic ROS homeostasis to confer kiwifruit thermotolerance.

People have moralized different concepts over history. Here, the authors show that the historical time courses of moralization can be restored computationally by combining machine learning with psychological data of word association and text corpora.

Molecular bilayer crystals of an organic semiconductor can exhibit metallic charge transport down to 8 K with an electrical conductivity of up to 245 S cm⁻¹, as well as charge carrier mobility values of more than 100 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 20 K.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Optical spin orientation of itinerant ferromagnets in twisted MoTe₂ homobilayers is demonstrated, enabling control of topological Chern numbers with circularly polarized light.

Bark decomposition could significantly affect global carbon and nutrient cycling. Here, the authors report the global trend of bark decomposition rates, identify the key drivers in different climate regions, and predict the response of bark decomposition to future climate change.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread herpesvirus linked to cancer and autoimmune disease. The authors in this work design and characterize a stabilized prefusion form of gB, an essential viral fusion protein, advancing EBV vaccine and therapeutic development.

Cryogenic electron microscopy structures of human Ostα/β uncover a unique transport pathway featuring two substrate-binding sites connected by an amphipathic helix-gated conduit, and electrophysiological studies demonstrate voltage-sensitive, bidirectional transport, showing its efflux role in vivo.

Short-circuiting during fast charging through lithium dendrite intrusion into electrolytes is a major challenge in solid-state batteries. Here, using thermally annealed 3-nm-thick Ag coatings, lithium penetration into brittle electrolyte Li_6.6La₃Zr_1.6Ta_0.4O₁₂ is inhibited at local current densities of 250 mA cm⁻² due to an increase in surface fracture toughness.

Strong paramagnetism is generated in hydrogels rich in carbon–oxygen double bonds simply by coupling with diamagnetic Ca cations. These paramagnetic hydrogels are applied as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and magnetic drug carriers.

The authors identify key enzymes, including four cytochrome P450s, a dehydrogenase and a sulfotransferase, that together build the core chemical scaffold of withanolides, medicinal compounds from ashwagandha with neurological and anti-cancer activities.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

The pathophysiologic functions of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) remain to be studied. Here the authors report that snoRNA SNORA49 suppresses liver cancer stem cell renewal through transcriptional inhibition of the stemness factor SOX9.

The cytoplasm can be partitioned into distinct compartments by microtubule structures, which can be stabilized by distinct mechanisms in different species.

LINE-1 retrotransposons are implicated in aging, but their role in cardiac aging specifically is not well understood. Here the authors show that LINE-1 expression rises in mouse hearts with age. Genetic LINE-1 derepression is accompanied by cGAS–STING activation and cardiac dysfunction, while pharmacological inhibition of LINE-1 or STING improves cardiac function in aged mice.

An allosteric site on the E3 ligase adapter cereblon can be targeted to modulate the efficacy of cereblon in targeted protein degradation applications.

Tan and colleagues develop DNA nanodevices to detect the pH of the lysosomal outer surface, observing an acidic layer generated by TMEM175 that regulates lysosome positioning in response to changes in juxta-lysosomal pH.

Here, the authors document the evolutionary dynamics of angiosperm pollen, using pollen morphology and time calibrated phylogeny. They identify two surges in pollen disparity in the mid-Cretaceous and Paleogene that are associated with environmental changes and important pollen adaptations.

The method for separating Cl₂ based on the Bernoulli principle enables efficient electrochemical chlorine evolution under universal pH conditions in a three-phase system. This enables assembly of a membrane-free system that can resist the influence of pH changes in the electrolyte.

Early vertebrates, particularly myllokunmingids, possessed four camera-type eyes (a pair of lateral eyes and pineal and parapineal organs), which indicates that these structures functioned in image formation, in support of the hypothesis that the four camera-type eyes represent an ancestral vertebrate trait.

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the bile acid transporter OSTα–OSTβ, which has a key role in bile acid homeostasis, provide insight into its distinct architecture and mechanism of substrate translocation.

A self-powered symbiotic transcatheter pacemaker that regenerates energy via electromagnetic induction from the cardiac motion demonstrates a month-long operation in a porcine model of arrhythmia and surpasses the critical energy condition for lifelong service.

Anti-phased changes in Antarctic Circumpolar Current strength between the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean occurred on orbital timescales over the past one million years, linked to glacial cycles and obliquity forcing, according to proxy records and modelling.

Vassy, Dornisch and colleagues developed a genomics-based prostate cancer risk model to support a randomized clinical trial of precision screening in a national healthcare system.

It is unclear how early-life urbanicity influences adult neurobehavioral traits. This study reveals that earlier menarche mediates the relationship between early-life urbanicity and adult neurobehavioral traits associated with mental disorders.

Negative regulator of thermotolerance 1 (NAT1) is identified as a negative regulator of thermotolerance in rice through the NAT1–bHLH110–CER1/CER1L module. Modifying NAT1 by targeted gene editing increases wax deposition and enhances thermotolerance in rice.

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant global health threat, necessitating swift and precise diagnostic solutions. Here, the authors introduce a culture-free diagnostic platform integrating microfluidic cell enrichment, single-cell Raman spectroscopy, and deep learning, that identifies bacterial and fungal infections directly from clinical samples within 20 minutes.

Hepatocyte-specific GPR110 mediates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis progression by regulating hepatic oestrogen sensitivity in a sex-specific manner, specifically in female mice.

The authors report on engineering metazoan fatty acid synthase variants with tunable selectivity to obtain short- and medium-chain fatty acids, alcohols and aldehydes. Pairing these optimized enzymes with a yeast strain designed for efficient β-oxidation yields high production levels of medium-chain fatty acids.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Therapeutic suppressor tRNAs are engineered to broaden their target range in vivo.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with limited risk stratification. Here, the authors perform multi-omic analysis of MTC samples from 452 patients across 10 Chinese clinical centers, identify molecular subtypes and develop a prediction model.

The linear-selective allylic addition to carbonyls remains challenging owing to the inversion of the six-membered transition state. Now an enantio- and linear-selective allylic addition to ketimines using reductive cobalt catalysis is reported. The process proceeds via a stereoselective radical pathway, forming homoallylic amino esters with excellent enantioselectivity and broad functional group tolerance.

As Nature Aging celebrates its fifth anniversary, the journal asks some of the researchers who contributed to the journal early on to reflect on the past and the future of aging and age-related disease research, the impact of the field on human health now and in the future, and what challenges need to be addressed to ensure sustained progress.

Metal nanoclusters are promising for flexible light-emitting diodes but face efficiency and stability challenges. Here, the authors employ a π-conjugated mediator to align dipole alignment, yielding devices with 26.4% external quantum efficiency and 94% efficiency retention after 2000 bending cycles.